{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408218155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16030202","title":"5G-Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance: An Improved PBFT Consensus Algorithm for the 5G Network","display_name":"5G-Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance: An Improved PBFT Consensus Algorithm for the 5G Network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408218155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16030202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16030202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16030202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/3/202/pdf?version=1741165537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/3/202/pdf?version=1741165537","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101552808","display_name":"Xin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5305-9194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology (College of Data Science), Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology (College of Data Science), Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009789140","display_name":"Xing Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9729-652X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology (College of Data Science), Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology (College of Data Science), Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033118635","display_name":"Baoning Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-3384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Baoning Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology (College of Data Science), Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-3384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology (College of Data Science), Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021123192","display_name":"Xianrong Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2695-9642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133369","display_name":"Decision Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gcvf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianrong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology & Decision Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2695-9642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology & Decision Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369","https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021123192","https://openalex.org/A5033118635"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369","https://openalex.org/I81365321","https://openalex.org/I9086337"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":7.8738,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96714366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"202","last_page":"202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.8570501208305359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-architecture","display_name":"Byzantine architecture","score":0.6655799746513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.6323032379150391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5639500021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4931642413139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.4694247841835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-byzantine-agreement","display_name":"Quantum Byzantine agreement","score":0.4674542546272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3757375478744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10766887664794922}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.8570501208305359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104562893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47591","display_name":"Byzantine architecture","level":2,"score":0.6655799746513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6323032379150391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5639500021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4931642413139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.4694247841835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17532199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17083590","display_name":"Quantum Byzantine agreement","level":4,"score":0.4674542546272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3757375478744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10766887664794922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16030202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16030202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/3/202/pdf?version=1741165537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.odu.edu:itds_facpubs-1111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/itds_facpubs/111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196314","display_name":"ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","host_organization_name":"Old Dominion University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information Technology & Decision Sciences Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:063f49bb724e43dd8d051166762f722c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/063f49bb724e43dd8d051166762f722c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 3, p 202 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16030202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16030202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/3/202/pdf?version=1741165537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408218155.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2139359217","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W3012143974","https://openalex.org/W3042221193","https://openalex.org/W3087984227","https://openalex.org/W3108722340","https://openalex.org/W4224218729","https://openalex.org/W4308063798","https://openalex.org/W4312741008","https://openalex.org/W4315783030","https://openalex.org/W4327974177","https://openalex.org/W4388226322","https://openalex.org/W4390865222","https://openalex.org/W4391646638","https://openalex.org/W4400276448","https://openalex.org/W4403893977","https://openalex.org/W4404459885","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6874554826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297802034","https://openalex.org/W2891414023","https://openalex.org/W4404788985","https://openalex.org/W2145120192","https://openalex.org/W4200103307","https://openalex.org/W2900842005","https://openalex.org/W4387914057","https://openalex.org/W4321603099","https://openalex.org/W2998562842","https://openalex.org/W2171256815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,120,205],"consensus":[1,38,50,76,100,124,137],"algorithm":[2,77,101,142],"is":[3,94],"the":[4,19,24,55,83,86,111,128,133,136,141,144,148,158,161,165,168,176,181,186,191,201,226],"core":[5],"technology":[6],"of":[7,23,57,63,82,85,135,160,167,175,180,203],"blockchain":[8,37],"systems":[9],"to":[10,45,105,131,157,184,189,196,225],"maintain":[11],"data":[12],"consistency,":[13],"and":[14,21,48,68,118,151,164,217],"its":[15,61],"performance":[16,117,230],"directly":[17],"affects":[18],"efficiency":[20],"security":[22],"whole":[25],"system.":[26],"Practical":[27],"Byzantine":[28,98],"Fault":[29],"Tolerance":[30],"(PBFT)":[31],"plays":[32],"a":[33,42,72,212,218],"crucial":[34],"role":[35],"in":[36,51,215,221],"algorithms":[39],"by":[40],"providing":[41],"robust":[43],"mechanism":[44],"achieve":[46],"fault-tolerant":[47,99],"deterministic":[49],"distributed":[52],"networks.":[53],"With":[54],"development":[56],"5G":[58,87,182],"network":[59,183],"technology,":[60],"features":[62,84],"high":[64,69],"bandwidth,":[65],"low":[66,177],"latency,":[67],"reliability":[70,134,159],"provide":[71],"new":[73],"approach":[74],"for":[75],"optimization.":[78],"To":[79],"take":[80,173],"advantage":[81,174],"network,":[88],"this":[89],"paper":[90],"proposes":[91],"5G-PBFT,":[92],"which":[93],"an":[95],"improved":[96],"practical":[97],"with":[102],"three":[103],"ways":[104],"improve":[106],"PBFT.":[107],"Firstly,":[108],"5G-PBFT":[109,210],"constructed":[110],"reputation":[112,129,149],"model":[113,121,150],"based":[114,126],"on":[115,127],"node":[116,138,146,163],"behavior.":[119],"dynamically":[122],"selected":[123,143],"nodes":[125],"value":[130],"ensure":[132],"selection.":[139],"Next,":[140],"primary":[145,162],"using":[147],"verifiable":[152],"random":[153],"function,":[154],"giving":[155],"consideration":[156],"randomness":[166],"selection":[169],"process.":[170],"Finally,":[171],"we":[172],"latency":[178,223],"feature":[179],"omit":[185],"submission":[187],"stage":[188],"reduce":[190],"communication":[192],"complexity":[193],"from":[194],"ON2":[195],"ON,":[197],"where":[198],"N":[199],"denotes":[200],"number":[202],"nodes.":[204],"simulation":[206],"results":[207],"show":[208],"that":[209],"achieves":[211],"26%":[213],"increase":[214],"throughput":[216],"63.6%":[219],"reduction":[220],"transaction":[222],"compared":[224],"PBFT,":[227],"demonstrating":[228],"significant":[229],"improvements.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
