{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407742469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16020155","title":"Schema Understandability: A Comprehensive Empirical Study of Requirements Metrics","display_name":"Schema Understandability: A Comprehensive Empirical Study of Requirements Metrics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407742469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16020155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16020155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16020155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/2/155/pdf?version=1739974372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/2/155/pdf?version=1739974372","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080934466","display_name":"Tanu Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5658-6683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5847235","display_name":"University of Petroleum and Energy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04q2jes40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanu Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033167589","display_name":"Vinod Patidar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-3454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5847235","display_name":"University of Petroleum and Energy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04q2jes40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vinod Patidar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101785683","display_name":"Manu Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-1797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125381","display_name":"Galgotias University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ba206","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manu Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, Uttar Pradesh, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088469315","display_name":"\u00c3\u0081lvaro Rocha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0750-8187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1lvaro Rocha","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISEG, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISEG, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033167589","https://openalex.org/A5088469315"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I5847235"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.5068,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89709937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"155","last_page":"155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5789076089859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.5763454437255859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4657142162322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.26425451040267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10748803615570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.102068692445755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5789076089859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.5763454437255859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4657142162322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.26425451040267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10748803615570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.102068692445755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16020155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16020155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/2/155/pdf?version=1739974372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d132ccf29b6a4f9da68e210a54848bf1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d132ccf29b6a4f9da68e210a54848bf1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 2, p 155 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16020155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16020155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/2/155/pdf?version=1739974372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407742469.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81352104","https://openalex.org/W81492173","https://openalex.org/W120070661","https://openalex.org/W143919613","https://openalex.org/W172260869","https://openalex.org/W763202523","https://openalex.org/W1535602073","https://openalex.org/W1551883639","https://openalex.org/W1560610333","https://openalex.org/W1571603903","https://openalex.org/W1599168555","https://openalex.org/W1913969462","https://openalex.org/W2002977049","https://openalex.org/W2003016001","https://openalex.org/W2015729052","https://openalex.org/W2034178786","https://openalex.org/W2036548969","https://openalex.org/W2037460328","https://openalex.org/W2040833110","https://openalex.org/W2043746806","https://openalex.org/W2049624350","https://openalex.org/W2050761777","https://openalex.org/W2081025867","https://openalex.org/W2082205765","https://openalex.org/W2082469464","https://openalex.org/W2096599681","https://openalex.org/W2098614373","https://openalex.org/W2112081648","https://openalex.org/W2120999344","https://openalex.org/W2122558050","https://openalex.org/W2123504579","https://openalex.org/W2125283600","https://openalex.org/W2129182946","https://openalex.org/W2129326425","https://openalex.org/W2146531709","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2163851162","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2493532602","https://openalex.org/W2535163233","https://openalex.org/W2777312124","https://openalex.org/W2990933508","https://openalex.org/W2999935793","https://openalex.org/W3001387782","https://openalex.org/W3100378204","https://openalex.org/W3126756669","https://openalex.org/W3136675092","https://openalex.org/W3170335259","https://openalex.org/W3209268084","https://openalex.org/W4205316372","https://openalex.org/W4243742440","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W4292242008","https://openalex.org/W4299689471","https://openalex.org/W4388460204","https://openalex.org/W4390032675","https://openalex.org/W4400517925","https://openalex.org/W6640740383","https://openalex.org/W6737006567","https://openalex.org/W6805956101","https://openalex.org/W6858788479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"high-quality":[1],"data":[2,33,193,196],"warehouses":[3],"is":[4],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,15,58,195],"organizations,":[7],"as":[8,176],"they":[9],"provide":[10],"the":[11,22,60,86,147,152,171,188],"reliable":[12],"information":[13],"needed":[14],"informed":[16],"decision-making.":[17],"While":[18],"various":[19],"methodologies":[20],"emphasize":[21],"importance":[23],"of":[24,38,55,62,68,123,131,138,146,173,179,190],"requirements,":[25],"conceptual,":[26],"logical,":[27],"and":[28,82,110,116,166,187],"physical":[29],"models":[30,40,118,194],"in":[31],"developing":[32],"warehouses,":[34],"empirical":[35,73],"quality":[36,185],"assessment":[37,54,186],"these":[39],"remains":[41],"underexplored,":[42],"especially":[43],"requirements":[44,56,63,76,133,174],"models.":[45],"To":[46],"bridge":[47],"this":[48,50,72],"gap,":[49],"study":[51,91],"focuses":[52],"on":[53],"metrics":[57,134,175],"predicting":[59],"understandability":[61],"schemas,":[64],"a":[65,111,142],"key":[66,159],"indicator":[67],"model":[69],"quality.":[70],"In":[71],"study,":[74],"28":[75],"schemas":[77],"were":[78],"classified":[79],"into":[80],"understandable":[81],"non-understandable":[83],"clusters":[84],"using":[85],"k-means":[87],"clustering":[88],"technique.":[89],"The":[90],"then":[92],"employed":[93],"six":[94],"classification":[95,148],"techniques\u2014logistic":[96],"regression,":[97],"naive":[98],"Bayes,":[99],"linear":[100],"discriminant":[101],"analysis":[102,145],"with":[103],"decision":[104],"tree,":[105],"reinforcement":[106],"learning,":[107],"voting":[108],"rule,":[109],"hybrid":[112,153],"approach\u2014within":[113],"both":[114],"univariate":[115],"multivariate":[117],"to":[119,183],"identify":[120],"strong":[121],"predictors":[122,137,178],"schema":[124,139,180],"understandability.":[125,140],"Results":[126],"indicate":[127],"that":[128,151],"13":[129],"out":[130],"17":[132],"are":[135],"robust":[136],"Furthermore,":[141],"comparative":[143],"performance":[144],"techniques":[149,157],"reveals":[150],"classifier":[154],"outperforms":[155],"other":[156],"across":[158],"evaluation":[160],"parameters,":[161],"including":[162],"accuracy,":[163],"sensitivity,":[164],"specificity,":[165],"AUC.":[167],"These":[168],"findings":[169],"highlight":[170],"potential":[172],"effective":[177],"understandability,":[181],"contributing":[182],"improved":[184],"development":[189],"better":[191],"conceptual":[192],"warehouses.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T06:11:40.159057","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}