{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406151084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16010031","title":"Communication and Sensing: Wireless PHY-Layer Threats to Security and Privacy for IoT Systems and Possible Countermeasures","display_name":"Communication and Sensing: Wireless PHY-Layer Threats to Security and Privacy for IoT Systems and Possible Countermeasures","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406151084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16010031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16010031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16010031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/1/31/pdf?version=1736303805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/1/31/pdf?version=1736303805","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049020621","display_name":"Renato Lo Cigno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-2844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Renato Lo Cigno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione (DII), University of Brescia and Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), 25124 Brescia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-2844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione (DII), University of Brescia and Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), 25124 Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310","https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Francesco Gringoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2621-582X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Gringoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione (DII), University of Brescia and Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), 25124 Brescia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2621-582X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione (DII), University of Brescia and Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), 25124 Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310","https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073709764","display_name":"Stefania Bartoletti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-9776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefania Bartoletti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica (DIE), University of Rome Tor Vergata and CNIT, 00133 Roma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-9776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica (DIE), University of Rome Tor Vergata and CNIT, 00133 Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022784496","display_name":"Marco Cominelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1838-348X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Cominelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegnaria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1838-348X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegnaria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059453770","display_name":"Lorenzo Ghiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3372-422X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Ghiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione (DII), University of Brescia and Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), 25124 Brescia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3372-422X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione (DII), University of Brescia and Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), 25124 Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310","https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060814027","display_name":"Samuele Zanini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7655-3313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127077003","display_name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca","ror":"https://ror.org/035gh3a49","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuele Zanini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica (DIE), University of Rome Tor Vergata and CNIT, 00133 Roma, Italy","IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7655-3313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica (DIE), University of Rome Tor Vergata and CNIT, 00133 Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049020621"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310","https://openalex.org/I79940851"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.7554,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92408635,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"31","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9312999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9312999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9272000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7510828375816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.679790735244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phy","display_name":"PHY","score":0.6474081873893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5712997317314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5115247964859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.3456326723098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2293241024017334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7510828375816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.679790735244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41918916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"PHY","level":4,"score":0.6474081873893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5712997317314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5115247964859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.3456326723098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2293241024017334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16010031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16010031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/1/31/pdf?version=1736303805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:art.torvergata.it:2108/437803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202408.2131","pdf_url":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/06ff800a00e28f86d6b2b948a6e9fd14/download_pub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400993","display_name":"Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","host_organization_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ce785146b334acb9dfeaa4b2ef17e5b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6ce785146b334acb9dfeaa4b2ef17e5b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 16, Iss 1, p 31 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unibs.it:11379/639375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11379/639375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400804","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/16/1/31/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info16010031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1288246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1288246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info16010031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info16010031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/1/31/pdf?version=1736303805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1130810362","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101078411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G363333414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CUP E63C22002070006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G507880695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7205771190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324342","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406151084.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406151084.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963121727","https://openalex.org/W4396852905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2945523224","https://openalex.org/W4313639042","https://openalex.org/W2444418218","https://openalex.org/W2727597159","https://openalex.org/W4241709719","https://openalex.org/W1488909492","https://openalex.org/W4234133302","https://openalex.org/W2111773294","https://openalex.org/W2774037455","https://openalex.org/W1858159341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,25,66,117,132,213],"signal":[3],"processing":[4],"and":[5,22,55,60,70,108,113,127,137,145,157,167,180,185,198,201,211],"AI-based":[6],"inference":[7],"enable":[8],"the":[9,23,53,67,104,118,123,154,171,188,207],"exploitation":[10],"of":[11,42,57,96,125,174,187],"wireless":[12,68,119,195],"communication":[13,130],"signals":[14],"to":[15,28,52,80,106,141,159,169,218],"collect":[16],"information":[17,82],"on":[18,194],"devices,":[19,59],"people,":[20],"actions,":[21],"environment":[24],"general,":[26],"i.e.,":[27],"perform":[29],"Integrated":[30],"Sensing":[31],"And":[32],"Communication":[33],"(ISAC).":[34],"This":[35],"possibility":[36],"offers":[37],"exciting":[38],"opportunities":[39],"for":[40],"Internet":[41],"Things":[43],"(IoT)":[44],"systems,":[45],"but":[46],"it":[47,77,102,135,148],"also":[48],"introduces":[49,149],"unprecedented":[50],"threats":[51,105,200],"security":[54,107,144,199],"privacy":[56,109,197],"data,":[58],"systems.":[61],"In":[62],"fact,":[63],"ISAC":[64,112,175],"operates":[65],"PHY":[69,120],"Medium":[71],"Access":[72],"Control":[73],"(MAC)":[74],"layers,":[75],"where":[76],"is":[78,190],"impossible":[79],"protect":[81,142],"with":[83,88,204],"standard":[84],"encryption":[85],"techniques":[86],"or":[87],"any":[89],"other":[90],"purely":[91],"digital":[92],"methodologies.":[93],"The":[94,183],"goals":[95],"this":[97,214],"paper":[98,189],"are":[99],"threefold.":[100],"First,":[101],"analyzes":[103],"posed":[110],"by":[111],"how":[114],"they":[115],"intertwine":[116],"layer":[121],"within":[122],"framework":[124],"IoT":[126],"distributed":[128],"pervasive":[129],"systems":[131],"general.":[133],"Secondly,":[134],"presents":[136],"discusses":[138],"possible":[139],"countermeasures":[140],"users\u2019":[143,181],"privacy.":[146,182],"Thirdly,":[147],"an":[150],"architectural":[151],"proposal,":[152],"discussing":[153],"available":[155],"choices":[156],"tradeoffs":[158],"implement":[160],"such":[161],"countermeasures,":[162],"as":[163,165],"well":[164],"solutions":[166],"protocols":[168],"preserve":[170],"potential":[172],"benefits":[173],"while":[176],"ensuring":[177],"data":[178],"protection":[179],"outcome":[184],"contribution":[186],"a":[191],"systematic":[192],"argumentation":[193],"PHY-layer":[196],"their":[202],"relation":[203],"ISAC,":[205],"framing":[206],"boundaries":[208],"that":[209],"research":[210],"innovation":[212],"area":[215],"should":[216],"respect":[217],"avoid":[219],"jeopardizing":[220],"people\u2019s":[221],"rights.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-13T07:31:44.756512","created_date":"2025-01-08T00:00:00"}