{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405284371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15120802","title":"Copper Nodule Defect Detection in Industrial Processes Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Copper Nodule Defect Detection in Industrial Processes Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405284371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15120802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15120802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15120802","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/12/802/pdf?version=1733916584","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/12/802/pdf?version=1733916584","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082312753","display_name":"Zhicong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5784-7163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhicong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaodong Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082968854","display_name":"Dandan Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-6233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dandan Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108711700","display_name":"Qiqi Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0022-4288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiqi Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115587907","display_name":"Jinping Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5998-7869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019388296","display_name":"Qingxiu Jing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingxiu Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019388296"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.2642,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62703203,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"12","first_page":"802","last_page":"802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12017","display_name":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12017","display_name":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10310","display_name":"Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"Copper","score":0.6449563503265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5332125425338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4981117248535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cathode","display_name":"Cathode","score":0.4934472143650055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrolytic-process","display_name":"Electrolytic process","score":0.463122695684433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.42592209577560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4255014955997467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41178590059280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.32601237297058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.3235136568546295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrolysis","display_name":"Electrolysis","score":0.3214290142059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metallurgy","display_name":"Metallurgy","score":0.23488670587539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22385770082473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrolyte","display_name":"Electrolyte","score":0.21153703331947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.19151440262794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.12603428959846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11004781723022461}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544778455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753","display_name":"Copper","level":2,"score":0.6449563503265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5332125425338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4981117248535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49110097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175233","display_name":"Cathode","level":2,"score":0.4934472143650055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70635819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5358064","display_name":"Electrolytic process","level":5,"score":0.463122695684433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42592209577560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4255014955997467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41178590059280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.32601237297058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.3235136568546295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163127949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64403","display_name":"Electrolysis","level":4,"score":0.3214290142059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.23488670587539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22385770082473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68801617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162908","display_name":"Electrolyte","level":3,"score":0.21153703331947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.19151440262794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.12603428959846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11004781723022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15120802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15120802","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/12/802/pdf?version=1733916584","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35371a0b6940480591395fa74fdc528f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35371a0b6940480591395fa74fdc528f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 12, p 802 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15120802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15120802","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/12/802/pdf?version=1733916584","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405284371.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405284371.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2962721361","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W3122173535","https://openalex.org/W4200380998","https://openalex.org/W4306649930","https://openalex.org/W4323661854","https://openalex.org/W4367368303","https://openalex.org/W4386075524","https://openalex.org/W4387502222","https://openalex.org/W4390109897","https://openalex.org/W4391508016","https://openalex.org/W4391805449","https://openalex.org/W4392454959","https://openalex.org/W4396932001","https://openalex.org/W4400409983","https://openalex.org/W4400939680","https://openalex.org/W4403613364","https://openalex.org/W4404049374","https://openalex.org/W6762585180"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376063141","https://openalex.org/W2364518159","https://openalex.org/W2374778007","https://openalex.org/W2078776357","https://openalex.org/W2372240524","https://openalex.org/W4388968288","https://openalex.org/W2065063868","https://openalex.org/W2353486309","https://openalex.org/W4361195734","https://openalex.org/W2384447381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Copper":[0],"electrolysis":[1,241],"is":[2,15,58,106,134,152,204],"a":[3,96,115,180,184,189,197,211],"crucial":[4],"process":[5,21],"in":[6,24,82,92,108,168,238],"copper":[7,13,55,80,233,240],"smelting.":[8],"The":[9,111],"surface":[10,33,76,235],"of":[11,27,45,53,77,84,144,182,186,194,201,213,221,231],"cathodic":[12,232],"plates":[14,81],"often":[16],"affected":[17],"by":[18,60,206],"various":[19],"electrolytic":[20],"factors,":[22],"resulting":[23],"the":[25,37,42,51,67,75,93,102,124,142,148,156,169,175,207,219,229,239],"formation":[26],"nodule":[28,72,145],"defects":[29,47],"that":[30,174],"significantly":[31],"impact":[32],"quality":[34,236],"and":[35,89,127,159,165,188,224],"disrupt":[36],"downstream":[38],"production":[39,223,242],"process,":[40,95],"making":[41],"prompt":[43],"detection":[44,52,199,230],"these":[46],"essential.":[48],"At":[49],"present,":[50],"cathode":[54,79],"plate":[56,234],"nodules":[57],"performed":[59],"manual":[61,70],"identification.":[62],"In":[63],"order":[64],"to":[65,136,154],"address":[66],"issues":[68,167,237],"with":[69,101],"convex":[71],"identification":[73],"on":[74],"industrial":[78],"terms":[83],"low":[85,90],"accuracy,":[86],"high":[87],"effort,":[88],"efficiency":[91],"manufacturing":[94],"lightweight":[97,116],"YOLOv5":[98,177],"model":[99,112,178],"combined":[100],"BiFormer":[103],"attention":[104,132],"mechanism":[105,133],"proposed":[107],"this":[109],"paper.":[110],"employs":[113],"MobileNetV3,":[114],"feature":[117],"extraction":[118],"network,":[119],"as":[120],"its":[121],"backbone,":[122],"reducing":[123],"parameter":[125],"count":[126],"computational":[128],"complexity.":[129],"Additionally,":[130],"an":[131],"introduced":[135],"capture":[137],"multi-scale":[138],"information,":[139],"thereby":[140],"enhancing":[141],"accuracy":[143],"recognition.":[146],"Meanwhile,":[147],"F-EIOU":[149],"loss":[150],"function":[151],"employed":[153],"strengthen":[155],"model\u2019s":[157],"robustness":[158],"generalization":[160],"ability,":[161],"effectively":[162],"addressing":[163],"noise":[164],"imbalance":[166],"data.":[170],"Experimental":[171],"results":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"improved":[176],"achieves":[179],"precision":[181,192],"92.71%,":[183],"recall":[185],"91.24%,":[187],"mean":[190],"average":[191],"(mAP)":[193],"92.69%.":[195],"Moreover,":[196],"single-frame":[198],"time":[200],"4.61":[202],"ms":[203],"achieved":[205],"model,":[208],"which":[209],"has":[210],"size":[212],"2.91":[214],"MB.":[215],"These":[216],"metrics":[217],"meet":[218],"requirements":[220],"practical":[222],"provide":[225],"valuable":[226],"insights":[227],"for":[228],"process.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}