{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403651347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15110662","title":"To What Extent Have LLMs Reshaped the Legal Domain So Far? A Scoping Literature Review","display_name":"To What Extent Have LLMs Reshaped the Legal Domain So Far? A Scoping Literature Review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403651347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15110662"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15110662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15110662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/11/662/pdf?version=1729576128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/11/662/pdf?version=1729576128","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107198625","display_name":"Bogdan Padiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Padiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089956503","display_name":"Radu Iacob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4953-1180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radu Iacob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077365712","display_name":"Traian Rebedea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7255-5537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Traian Rebedea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072192995","display_name":"Mihai Dasc\u0103lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-9227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33800924","display_name":"Academia Oamenilor de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 din Rom\u00e2nia","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybnj478","country_code":"RO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33800924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mihai Dascalu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Romanian Scientists, Str. Ilfov, Nr. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania","Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Str. Ilfov, Nr. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33800924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072192995"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33800924","https://openalex.org/I61641377"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":34.5691,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99678284,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"11","first_page":"662","last_page":"662"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13972","display_name":"Business Law and Ethics","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.49054092168807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.41605502367019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.3320051431655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1564844250679016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.49054092168807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.41605502367019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3320051431655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1564844250679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15110662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15110662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/11/662/pdf?version=1729576128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0678e966998347af92996fc584bbef06","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0678e966998347af92996fc584bbef06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 11, p 662 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15110662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15110662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/11/662/pdf?version=1729576128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403651347.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403651347.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523971087","https://openalex.org/W1977155386","https://openalex.org/W2074235583","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2905016027","https://openalex.org/W2945057689","https://openalex.org/W2946593017","https://openalex.org/W2961876261","https://openalex.org/W2997429021","https://openalex.org/W2998733856","https://openalex.org/W3104215796","https://openalex.org/W3104871628","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3169113923","https://openalex.org/W3195296860","https://openalex.org/W4200136316","https://openalex.org/W4220959955","https://openalex.org/W4285294723","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4290738699","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4310044540","https://openalex.org/W4380136143","https://openalex.org/W4385421722","https://openalex.org/W4385571124","https://openalex.org/W4385572634","https://openalex.org/W4386587628","https://openalex.org/W4386689591","https://openalex.org/W4388764805","https://openalex.org/W4388796972","https://openalex.org/W4389524228","https://openalex.org/W4390880490","https://openalex.org/W4393161188","https://openalex.org/W4401176472","https://openalex.org/W4402404817","https://openalex.org/W4402670429","https://openalex.org/W4403499178","https://openalex.org/W6669119525","https://openalex.org/W6762814812","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6772269165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2949263084","https://openalex.org/W2743539335","https://openalex.org/W594353338","https://openalex.org/W325681004","https://openalex.org/W2922049016","https://openalex.org/W4390697879","https://openalex.org/W2070214669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"and":[1,15,46,123,141,172,179,183,195,215,227],"explaining":[2],"legal":[3,63,88,103,121,135,187,229],"systems":[4,104,206],"is":[5,65,81],"very":[6,50],"challenging":[7],"due":[8,26],"to":[9,27,76,82,168,192,203,218,222],"their":[10,99],"complex":[11],"structure,":[12],"specialized":[13],"terminology,":[14],"multiple":[16,72],"interpretations.":[17],"Legal":[18],"AI":[19,117],"models":[20,94],"are":[21,47],"currently":[22,48],"undergoing":[23,49],"drastic":[24],"advancements":[25,127],"the":[28,57,62,93,102,120,158,166,181,201,232],"development":[29],"of":[30,44,59,87,116,134,143],"Large":[31],"Language":[32],"Models":[33],"(LLMs)":[34],"that":[35,74,151],"have":[36],"achieved":[37],"state-of-the-art":[38],"performance":[39],"on":[40],"a":[41,84,113],"wide":[42],"range":[43],"tasks":[45],"rapid":[51],"iterations.":[52],"As":[53],"an":[54],"emerging":[55],"field,":[56],"application":[58],"LLMs":[60,230],"in":[61,67,105,119,128],"field":[64,122],"still":[66],"its":[68],"early":[69],"stages,":[70],"with":[71],"challenges":[73,184],"need":[75],"be":[77,208],"addressed.":[78],"Our":[79],"objective":[80],"provide":[83],"comprehensive":[85],"survey":[86],"LLMs,":[89,129,188],"not":[90],"only":[91],"reviewing":[92],"themselves":[95],"but":[96],"also":[97],"analyzing":[98],"applications":[100],"within":[101],"different":[106],"geographies.":[107],"The":[108,176,211],"paper":[109,177,212],"begins":[110],"by":[111,131,186],"providing":[112],"high-level":[114],"overview":[115],"technologies":[118],"showcasing":[124],"recent":[125],"research":[126],"followed":[130],"practical":[132],"implementations":[133],"LLMs.":[136],"Two":[137],"databases":[138],"(i.e.,":[139],"SCOPUS":[140],"Web":[142],"Science)":[144],"were":[145],"considered":[146],"alongside":[147],"additional":[148],"related":[149,191],"studies":[150,171],"met":[152],"our":[153,174],"selection":[154],"criteria.":[155],"We":[156],"used":[157],"PRISMA":[159],"for":[160],"Scoping":[161],"Reviews":[162],"(PRISMA-ScR)":[163],"guidelines":[164],"as":[165],"methodology":[167],"extract":[169],"relevant":[170],"report":[173],"findings.":[175],"discusses":[178],"analyses":[180],"limitations":[182,226],"faced":[185],"including":[189],"issues":[190],"data,":[193],"algorithms,":[194],"judicial":[196,233],"practices.":[197],"Moreover,":[198],"we":[199],"examine":[200],"extent":[202],"which":[204],"such":[205],"can":[207],"effectively":[209],"deployed.":[210],"summarizes":[213],"recommendations":[214],"future":[216],"directions":[217],"address":[219],"challenges,":[220],"aiming":[221],"help":[223],"stakeholders":[224],"overcome":[225],"integrate":[228],"into":[231],"system.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T06:11:40.159057","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
