{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401889742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15090517","title":"Recurrent Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Review of Architectures, Variants, and Applications","display_name":"Recurrent Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Review of Architectures, Variants, and Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401889742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15090517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15090517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15090517","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/9/517/pdf?version=1724574257","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/9/517/pdf?version=1724574257","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036808970","display_name":"Ibomoiye Domor Mienye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9353-8894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibomoiye Domor Mienye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036607092","display_name":"Theo G. Swart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-7728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theo G. Swart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053034151","display_name":"George Obaido","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5049-9522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Obaido","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence (CHAI), Berkeley Institute for Data Science (BIDS), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence (CHAI), Berkeley Institute for Data Science (BIDS), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036808970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":136.0415,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":403,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99983455,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"517","last_page":"517"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.9233044385910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7944762706756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5993548631668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5168221592903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4613724946975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-short-term-memory","display_name":"Long short term memory","score":0.4294251799583435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37788116931915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.34194034337997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07656008005142212}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.9233044385910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7944762706756592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5993548631668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5168221592903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4613724946975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133488467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6673524","display_name":"Long short term memory","level":4,"score":0.4294251799583435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37788116931915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.34194034337997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07656008005142212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15090517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15090517","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/9/517/pdf?version=1724574257","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:360447fed816475f87ccab18123702d6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/360447fed816475f87ccab18123702d6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 9, p 517 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/15/9/517/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15090517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15090517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15090517","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/9/517/pdf?version=1724574257","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401889742.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":180,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1689711448","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2100649405","https://openalex.org/W2103108176","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2150354929","https://openalex.org/W2150355110","https://openalex.org/W2152503618","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2193413348","https://openalex.org/W2212703438","https://openalex.org/W2253795368","https://openalex.org/W2301095666","https://openalex.org/W2530876040","https://openalex.org/W2546915671","https://openalex.org/W2597866042","https://openalex.org/W2613152434","https://openalex.org/W2624385633","https://openalex.org/W2734777338","https://openalex.org/W2734986640","https://openalex.org/W2735234465","https://openalex.org/W2743138268","https://openalex.org/W2755889034","https://openalex.org/W2887349701","https://openalex.org/W2890473772","https://openalex.org/W2892009249","https://openalex.org/W2897647030","https://openalex.org/W2899190501","https://openalex.org/W2900874631","https://openalex.org/W2904726360","https://openalex.org/W2906498146","https://openalex.org/W2912290085","https://openalex.org/W2915583118","https://openalex.org/W2916868127","https://openalex.org/W2942768244","https://openalex.org/W2944851425","https://openalex.org/W2947758892","https://openalex.org/W2948517885","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2962824709","https://openalex.org/W2962894046","https://openalex.org/W2963165299","https://openalex.org/W2963914175","https://openalex.org/W2964010366","https://openalex.org/W2964347220","https://openalex.org/W2964413206","https://openalex.org/W2966164316","https://openalex.org/W2970413753","https://openalex.org/W2971724044","https://openalex.org/W2982109826","https://openalex.org/W2993587506","https://openalex.org/W2999089077","https://openalex.org/W3002842489","https://openalex.org/W3013382035","https://openalex.org/W3016986506","https://openalex.org/W3018286187","https://openalex.org/W3027351386","https://openalex.org/W3032945613","https://openalex.org/W3034573343","https://openalex.org/W3037261120","https://openalex.org/W3042382594","https://openalex.org/W3045233820","https://openalex.org/W3080272186","https://openalex.org/W3097717858","https://openalex.org/W3098174578","https://openalex.org/W3100270150","https://openalex.org/W3105931142","https://openalex.org/W3124025678","https://openalex.org/W3127686677","https://openalex.org/W3131078615","https://openalex.org/W3147852756","https://openalex.org/W3154625736","https://openalex.org/W3159372402","https://openalex.org/W3162348042","https://openalex.org/W3163965514","https://openalex.org/W3164155163","https://openalex.org/W3175170601","https://openalex.org/W3180190113","https://openalex.org/W3197123494","https://openalex.org/W3203494483","https://openalex.org/W3208624098","https://openalex.org/W3211281790","https://openalex.org/W4200240729","https://openalex.org/W4211180785","https://openalex.org/W4220955956","https://openalex.org/W4221009493","https://openalex.org/W4223915846","https://openalex.org/W4224232295","https://openalex.org/W4226060831","https://openalex.org/W4226187502","https://openalex.org/W4229369233","https://openalex.org/W4280541219","https://openalex.org/W4281566688","https://openalex.org/W4281679347","https://openalex.org/W4281689302","https://openalex.org/W4283020666","https://openalex.org/W4283076857","https://openalex.org/W4283783213","https://openalex.org/W4283791586","https://openalex.org/W4297971002","https://openalex.org/W4308150438","https://openalex.org/W4308516830","https://openalex.org/W4309197042","https://openalex.org/W4311134591","https://openalex.org/W4312697135","https://openalex.org/W4312889804","https://openalex.org/W4322732039","https://openalex.org/W4323665371","https://openalex.org/W4328026323","https://openalex.org/W4360995349","https://openalex.org/W4366091323","https://openalex.org/W4366988472","https://openalex.org/W4379929627","https://openalex.org/W4381250378","https://openalex.org/W4382359051","https://openalex.org/W4383343708","https://openalex.org/W4383501681","https://openalex.org/W4384666235","https://openalex.org/W4385188297","https://openalex.org/W4385799550","https://openalex.org/W4386031694","https://openalex.org/W4386072825","https://openalex.org/W4386161539","https://openalex.org/W4386253020","https://openalex.org/W4387161991","https://openalex.org/W4387422716","https://openalex.org/W4387519867","https://openalex.org/W4387539594","https://openalex.org/W4387849426","https://openalex.org/W4387861048","https://openalex.org/W4388703517","https://openalex.org/W4389881453","https://openalex.org/W4390660438","https://openalex.org/W4390830050","https://openalex.org/W4391165353","https://openalex.org/W4391216382","https://openalex.org/W4391435217","https://openalex.org/W4391467416","https://openalex.org/W4391468497","https://openalex.org/W4391932574","https://openalex.org/W4392123316","https://openalex.org/W4392946498","https://openalex.org/W4392978539","https://openalex.org/W4392980982","https://openalex.org/W4393140874","https://openalex.org/W4394956176","https://openalex.org/W4396689872","https://openalex.org/W4396733184","https://openalex.org/W4396949629","https://openalex.org/W4396952008","https://openalex.org/W4398174014","https://openalex.org/W4399264311","https://openalex.org/W4399800820","https://openalex.org/W4399939200","https://openalex.org/W4400493363","https://openalex.org/W4400520432","https://openalex.org/W4400524829","https://openalex.org/W4400620594","https://openalex.org/W4400951930","https://openalex.org/W4401009473","https://openalex.org/W4401107928","https://openalex.org/W4401791445","https://openalex.org/W4402660160","https://openalex.org/W6623517193","https://openalex.org/W6636649193","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6681937716","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6760393057","https://openalex.org/W6779008929","https://openalex.org/W6779348065","https://openalex.org/W6779786081","https://openalex.org/W6789826613","https://openalex.org/W6839243223","https://openalex.org/W6846938318","https://openalex.org/W6857182741","https://openalex.org/W6871069086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3008584592","https://openalex.org/W2912153778","https://openalex.org/W4387163678","https://openalex.org/W4288108708","https://openalex.org/W2973430807","https://openalex.org/W4385280324","https://openalex.org/W2890685186","https://openalex.org/W2984436043","https://openalex.org/W4390245176","https://openalex.org/W2912831041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recurrent":[0],"neural":[1,108],"networks":[2,52,109],"(RNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"significantly":[5],"advanced":[6],"the":[7,15,62,85,92,98,128],"field":[8],"of":[9,18,27,64,94,100,127,134],"machine":[10],"learning":[11],"(ML)":[12],"by":[13],"enabling":[14],"effective":[16],"processing":[17,72],"sequential":[19],"data.":[20],"This":[21,114],"paper":[22],"provides":[23],"a":[24,124],"comprehensive":[25,125],"review":[26,115],"RNNs":[28,65,105],"and":[29,56,81,97,111,121,131],"their":[30],"applications,":[31],"highlighting":[32],"advancements":[33],"in":[34],"architectures,":[35],"such":[36,90],"as":[37,91],"long":[38],"short-term":[39],"memory":[40],"(LSTM)":[41],"networks,":[42],"gated":[43],"recurrent":[44],"units":[45],"(GRUs),":[46],"bidirectional":[47],"LSTM":[48],"(BiLSTM),":[49],"echo":[50],"state":[51,130],"(ESNs),":[53],"peephole":[54],"LSTM,":[55],"stacked":[57],"LSTM.":[58],"The":[59],"study":[60,86],"examines":[61],"application":[63],"to":[66,117],"different":[67],"domains,":[68],"including":[69],"natural":[70],"language":[71],"(NLP),":[73],"speech":[74],"recognition,":[75],"time":[76],"series":[77],"forecasting,":[78],"autonomous":[79],"vehicles,":[80],"anomaly":[82],"detection.":[83],"Additionally,":[84],"discusses":[87],"recent":[88],"innovations,":[89],"integration":[93],"attention":[95],"mechanisms":[96],"development":[99],"hybrid":[101],"models":[102],"that":[103],"combine":[104],"with":[106,123],"convolutional":[107],"(CNNs)":[110],"transformer":[112],"architectures.":[113],"aims":[116],"provide":[118],"ML":[119],"researchers":[120],"practitioners":[122],"overview":[126],"current":[129],"future":[132],"directions":[133],"RNN":[135],"research.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":292},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}