{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401696827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080495","title":"Analyzing Tor Browser Artifacts for Enhanced Web Forensics, Anonymity, Cybersecurity, and Privacy in Windows-Based Systems","display_name":"Analyzing Tor Browser Artifacts for Enhanced Web Forensics, Anonymity, Cybersecurity, and Privacy in Windows-Based Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401696827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15080495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080495","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108971649","display_name":"Muhammad Shanawar Javed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shanawar Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027117724","display_name":"Syed Muhammad Sajjad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-9433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Muhammad Sajjad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112609605","display_name":"Danish Mehmood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36448004","display_name":"Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05yfc2w21","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36448004"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danish Mehmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute Of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute Of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36448004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111295222","display_name":"Khawaja Mansoor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khawaja Mansoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101586869","display_name":"Zafar Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6937-4161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zafar Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014586272","display_name":"Muhammad Zafarullah Kazim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8533-7183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Kazim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101510048","display_name":"Zia Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9172-5212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I880809005","display_name":"University of Jamestown","ror":"https://ror.org/01xqc9g05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I880809005"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zia Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Jamestown, Jamestown, ND 58405, USA","Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Jamestown, Jamestown, ND 58405, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I880809005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101510048"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836","https://openalex.org/I880809005"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.1757,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89198111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"495","last_page":"495"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.7942605018615723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timeline","display_name":"Timeline","score":0.767829418182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7537113428115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6214892864227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4615263044834137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-forensics","display_name":"Digital forensics","score":0.4190402626991272}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.7942605018615723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4438859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117","display_name":"Timeline","level":2,"score":0.767829418182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7537113428115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6214892864227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4615263044834137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.4190402626991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15080495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0dca2127c27b4bbcadf45401d204fe69","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0dca2127c27b4bbcadf45401d204fe69","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 8, p 495 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/15/8/495/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15080495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15080495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562129026","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1982623151","https://openalex.org/W2005708967","https://openalex.org/W2260859209","https://openalex.org/W2628759714","https://openalex.org/W2908671837","https://openalex.org/W2922545377","https://openalex.org/W2935234850","https://openalex.org/W2963376995","https://openalex.org/W3023369232","https://openalex.org/W3044445556","https://openalex.org/W3046800239","https://openalex.org/W3136703145","https://openalex.org/W3161178375","https://openalex.org/W3207860245","https://openalex.org/W3208244203","https://openalex.org/W4205347634","https://openalex.org/W4206669286","https://openalex.org/W4210609291","https://openalex.org/W4213451995","https://openalex.org/W4285805255","https://openalex.org/W4287239844","https://openalex.org/W4292158462","https://openalex.org/W4378976847","https://openalex.org/W4388132145","https://openalex.org/W4393034856","https://openalex.org/W4398144254","https://openalex.org/W6636370816","https://openalex.org/W6692613962","https://openalex.org/W6722263232","https://openalex.org/W6727080130","https://openalex.org/W6777266596","https://openalex.org/W6798466315","https://openalex.org/W6809124156"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1858249912","https://openalex.org/W2114034199","https://openalex.org/W4391249598","https://openalex.org/W2317428717","https://openalex.org/W2734259032","https://openalex.org/W3094038556","https://openalex.org/W2039441261","https://openalex.org/W2532953905","https://openalex.org/W3155521256","https://openalex.org/W1555088513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,64],"Tor":[1,40,60,100],"browser":[2],"is":[3,19,36],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"for":[6,11,24,39,118],"anonymity,":[7],"providing":[8],"layered":[9],"encryption":[10],"enhanced":[12],"privacy.":[13],"Besides":[14],"its":[15,45,52],"positive":[16],"uses,":[17],"it":[18],"also":[20],"popular":[21],"among":[22],"cybercriminals":[23],"illegal":[25],"activities":[26,49],"such":[27,78],"as":[28,79],"trafficking,":[29],"smuggling,":[30],"betting,":[31],"and":[32,50,83,90,102,115,127,136],"illicit":[33],"trade.":[34],"There":[35],"a":[37,119],"need":[38],"Browser":[41],"forensics":[42],"to":[43,132],"identify":[44],"use":[46],"in":[47,125],"unlawful":[48],"explore":[51],"consequences.":[53],"This":[54],"research":[55,111],"analyzes":[56],"artifacts":[57,104],"generated":[58],"by":[59],"on":[61],"Windows-based":[62],"systems.":[63],"methodology":[65],"integrates":[66],"forensic":[67],"techniques":[68],"into":[69],"incident":[70,134],"responses":[71],"per":[72],"NIST":[73],"SP":[74],"(800-86),":[75],"exploring":[76],"areas":[77],"registry,":[80],"storage,":[81],"network,":[82],"memory":[84,126],"using":[85],"tools":[86],"like":[87],"bulk-extractor,":[88],"autopsy,":[89],"regshot.":[91],"We":[92],"propose":[93],"an":[94],"automated":[95],"PowerShell":[96],"script":[97],"that":[98],"detects":[99],"usage":[101],"retrieves":[103],"with":[105],"minimal":[106],"user":[107],"interaction.":[108],"Finally,":[109],"this":[110],"performs":[112],"timeline":[113],"analysis":[114],"artifact":[116],"correlation":[117],"contextual":[120],"understanding":[121],"of":[122],"event":[123],"sequences":[124],"network":[128],"domains,":[129],"ultimately":[130],"contributing":[131],"improved":[133],"response":[135],"accountability.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
