{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401644781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080491","title":"Beyond Supervised: The Rise of Self-Supervised Learning in Autonomous Systems","display_name":"Beyond Supervised: The Rise of Self-Supervised Learning in Autonomous Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401644781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080491"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15080491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080491","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/8/491/pdf?version=1723808458","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/8/491/pdf?version=1723808458","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081423238","display_name":"Hamed Taherdoost","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6503-6739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I214977574","display_name":"University Canada West","ror":"https://ror.org/028d12s45","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I214977574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800893096","display_name":"Global University Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04883df86","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800893096"]}],"countries":["CA","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Taherdoost","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Arts, Communications and Social Sciences, University Canada West, Vancouver, BC V6B 1V9, Canada","GUS Institute, Global University Systems, London EC1N 2LX, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Arts, Communications and Social Sciences, University Canada West, Vancouver, BC V6B 1V9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I214977574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GUS Institute, Global University Systems, London EC1N 2LX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800893096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081423238"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I214977574","https://openalex.org/I2800893096"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.8983,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9425985,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"491","last_page":"491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.5011940002441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4898838400840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.482035756111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.394203245639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.06380590796470642}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.5011940002441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4898838400840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.482035756111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.394203245639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.06380590796470642}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15080491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080491","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/8/491/pdf?version=1723808458","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05087347v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05087347","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05087347/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922466","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, 2024, 15, ⟨10.3390/info15080491⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8fad875694524146bedbd2533449025e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8fad875694524146bedbd2533449025e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 8, p 491 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15080491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080491","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/8/491/pdf?version=1723808458","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401644781.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401644781.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484672383","https://openalex.org/W1544435011","https://openalex.org/W1964919157","https://openalex.org/W1980276147","https://openalex.org/W2011536028","https://openalex.org/W2055630880","https://openalex.org/W2098255914","https://openalex.org/W2155653793","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2769112066","https://openalex.org/W2791704581","https://openalex.org/W2888109941","https://openalex.org/W2906150462","https://openalex.org/W2942649361","https://openalex.org/W2963087613","https://openalex.org/W2997200074","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3016907927","https://openalex.org/W3022112205","https://openalex.org/W3031576691","https://openalex.org/W3034238904","https://openalex.org/W3034781633","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3111261110","https://openalex.org/W3121017144","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W3135367836","https://openalex.org/W3161810785","https://openalex.org/W3173151551","https://openalex.org/W3175582404","https://openalex.org/W3180895563","https://openalex.org/W3196927126","https://openalex.org/W3201190151","https://openalex.org/W3201271601","https://openalex.org/W3202114640","https://openalex.org/W3216067289","https://openalex.org/W4205134630","https://openalex.org/W4205448747","https://openalex.org/W4205854246","https://openalex.org/W4206494117","https://openalex.org/W4210818739","https://openalex.org/W4214670085","https://openalex.org/W4220901260","https://openalex.org/W4223948957","https://openalex.org/W4224066092","https://openalex.org/W4225404354","https://openalex.org/W4225728579","https://openalex.org/W4231080135","https://openalex.org/W4281558652","https://openalex.org/W4283317722","https://openalex.org/W4285165236","https://openalex.org/W4285293775","https://openalex.org/W4289537725","https://openalex.org/W4298006831","https://openalex.org/W4306722800","https://openalex.org/W4312822444","https://openalex.org/W4313195213","https://openalex.org/W4316038168","https://openalex.org/W4317542939","https://openalex.org/W4319866410","https://openalex.org/W4320063308","https://openalex.org/W4321483998","https://openalex.org/W4322576470","https://openalex.org/W4323051308","https://openalex.org/W4323363599","https://openalex.org/W4363677448","https://openalex.org/W4366149792","https://openalex.org/W4366757677","https://openalex.org/W4367055910","https://openalex.org/W4377108017","https://openalex.org/W4379508959","https://openalex.org/W4379878309","https://openalex.org/W4380320435","https://openalex.org/W4385350116","https://openalex.org/W4385431580","https://openalex.org/W4385647277","https://openalex.org/W4387156920","https://openalex.org/W4387335069","https://openalex.org/W4387350714","https://openalex.org/W4387578673","https://openalex.org/W4387709474","https://openalex.org/W4388037600","https://openalex.org/W4388283707","https://openalex.org/W4388915238","https://openalex.org/W4389203960","https://openalex.org/W4389265550","https://openalex.org/W4390296109","https://openalex.org/W4390993854","https://openalex.org/W4391450968","https://openalex.org/W4391451171","https://openalex.org/W4391580145","https://openalex.org/W4391951835","https://openalex.org/W4392380911","https://openalex.org/W4392384371","https://openalex.org/W4393032919","https://openalex.org/W4394849136","https://openalex.org/W4394944657","https://openalex.org/W4395068836","https://openalex.org/W4398217090","https://openalex.org/W6763015118","https://openalex.org/W6797132756","https://openalex.org/W6801666104","https://openalex.org/W6840811119","https://openalex.org/W6904047344"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Supervised":[0],"learning":[1,37,63],"has":[2,39],"been":[3],"the":[4,24,71,82,85,88,132,162,186,191,208],"cornerstone":[5],"of":[6,61,84,106],"many":[7],"successful":[8],"medical":[9,25,68,117,155,198,223],"imaging":[10,224],"applications.":[11],"However,":[12],"its":[13,65],"reliance":[14],"on":[15,131,210],"large":[16],"labeled":[17,211],"datasets":[18,212],"poses":[19],"significant":[20,125],"challenges,":[21],"especially":[22],"in":[23,67,96,116,152,197],"domain,":[26],"where":[27,119],"data":[28,47,180],"annotation":[29],"is":[30,114],"time-consuming":[31],"and":[32,64,76,122,138,181,195,213,221],"expensive.":[33],"In":[34],"response,":[35],"self-supervised":[36],"(SSL)":[38],"emerged":[40],"as":[41,91],"a":[42,58,92,103,215],"promising":[43],"alternative,":[44],"leveraging":[45,178],"unlabeled":[46,179],"to":[48,144,160,206],"learn":[49],"meaningful":[50],"representations":[51],"without":[52],"explicit":[53],"supervision.":[54],"This":[55,147],"paper":[56,148],"provides":[57],"detailed":[59],"overview":[60],"supervised":[62,169],"limitations":[66],"imaging,":[69,156],"underscoring":[70],"need":[72],"for":[73,135,154,218],"more":[74,219],"efficient":[75],"scalable":[77,220],"approaches.":[78],"The":[79,100,201],"study":[80],"emphasizes":[81],"importance":[83],"area":[86],"under":[87],"curve":[89],"(AUC)":[90],"key":[93],"evaluation":[94],"metric":[95],"assessing":[97],"SSL":[98,128,153,175],"performance.":[99],"AUC":[101,133],"offers":[102],"comprehensive":[104],"measure":[105],"model":[107],"performance":[108,183],"across":[109],"different":[110],"operating":[111],"points,":[112],"which":[113],"crucial":[115],"applications,":[118],"false":[120],"positives":[121],"negatives":[123],"have":[124],"consequences.":[126],"Evaluating":[127],"methods":[129],"based":[130],"allows":[134],"robust":[136],"comparisons":[137],"ensures":[139],"that":[140,174],"models":[141],"generalize":[142],"well":[143],"real-world":[145],"scenarios.":[146],"reviews":[149],"recent":[150],"advances":[151],"demonstrating":[157],"their":[158],"potential":[159],"revolutionize":[161],"field":[163],"by":[164,177],"mitigating":[165],"challenges":[166],"associated":[167],"with":[168],"learning.":[170],"Key":[171],"results":[172],"show":[173],"techniques,":[176],"optimizing":[182],"metrics":[184],"like":[185],"AUC,":[187],"can":[188],"significantly":[189],"improve":[190],"diagnostic":[192],"accuracy,":[193],"scalability,":[194],"efficiency":[196],"image":[199],"analysis.":[200],"findings":[202],"highlight":[203],"SSL\u2019s":[204],"capability":[205],"reduce":[207],"dependency":[209],"present":[214],"path":[216],"forward":[217],"effective":[222],"solutions.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}