{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400199261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15070386","title":"Optimizing the Deployment of an Aerial Base Station and the Phase-Shift of a Ground Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for Wireless Communication Systems Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Optimizing the Deployment of an Aerial Base Station and the Phase-Shift of a Ground Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for Wireless Communication Systems Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400199261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15070386"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15070386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15070386","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/7/386/pdf?version=1720099006","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/7/386/pdf?version=1720099006","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099781691","display_name":"Wendenda Nathanael Kabore","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendenda Nathanael Kabore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081278677","display_name":"Rong\u2010Terng Juang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-2396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rong-Terng Juang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Aerospace and System Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Aerospace and System Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085911437","display_name":"Hsin\u2010Piao Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4575-516X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsin-Piao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Aerospace and System Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Aerospace and System Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092596091","display_name":"Belayneh Abebe Tesfaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1123-8803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Belayneh Abebe Tesfaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031808873","display_name":"Getaneh Berie Tarekegn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5501-9871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Getaneh Berie Tarekegn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081278677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.025,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75896559,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"386","last_page":"386"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6767037510871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6662847399711609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6400843858718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6330317258834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5789729356765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5548683404922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.48858556151390076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4708414077758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.45759376883506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.4440310001373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.43399015069007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.42370787262916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4083382785320282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3127099573612213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17494428157806396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6767037510871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6662847399711609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6400843858718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6330317258834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5789729356765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5548683404922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.48858556151390076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4708414077758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.45759376883506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.4440310001373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.43399015069007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.42370787262916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4083382785320282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3127099573612213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17494428157806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15070386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15070386","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/7/386/pdf?version=1720099006","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9d0d3ee5a8f449849ea7fbe77704b911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9d0d3ee5a8f449849ea7fbe77704b911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 386 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15070386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15070386","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/7/386/pdf?version=1720099006","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5056706599","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"112-2221-E-027-123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400199261.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400199261.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2754349741","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2907080366","https://openalex.org/W2910072269","https://openalex.org/W2918636900","https://openalex.org/W2922273628","https://openalex.org/W2945086780","https://openalex.org/W2963121727","https://openalex.org/W2963638537","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W3000577820","https://openalex.org/W3035049807","https://openalex.org/W3036562336","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3086764798","https://openalex.org/W3090167083","https://openalex.org/W3102527375","https://openalex.org/W3104026632","https://openalex.org/W3109039904","https://openalex.org/W3157217691","https://openalex.org/W3162026808","https://openalex.org/W3197218539","https://openalex.org/W3211499887","https://openalex.org/W3214665976","https://openalex.org/W4205224143","https://openalex.org/W4205295562","https://openalex.org/W4225086786","https://openalex.org/W4285114650","https://openalex.org/W4285813934","https://openalex.org/W4293704729","https://openalex.org/W4312601533","https://openalex.org/W4360604201","https://openalex.org/W4361801860","https://openalex.org/W4385267189","https://openalex.org/W4386331867","https://openalex.org/W4390692325","https://openalex.org/W4396586510","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6861008305","https://openalex.org/W7075698001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W4307436769","https://openalex.org/W4323793210","https://openalex.org/W2366306259","https://openalex.org/W3101720559","https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W2143447014","https://openalex.org/W2913823013","https://openalex.org/W4385731880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"wireless":[1,53],"networks,":[2,55],"drone":[3],"base":[4],"stations":[5],"(DBSs)":[6],"offer":[7],"significant":[8,131],"benefits":[9],"in":[10,33,38,62,133],"terms":[11],"of":[12,14,65,75,145],"Quality":[13],"Service":[15],"(QoS)":[16],"improvement":[17],"due":[18],"to":[19,50,88,93,119],"their":[20],"line-of-sight":[21],"(LoS)":[22],"transmission":[23],"capabilities":[24],"and":[25,73,82,97,125,139],"adaptability.":[26],"However,":[27],"LoS":[28],"links":[29],"can":[30],"suffer":[31],"degradation":[32],"complex":[34],"propagation":[35],"environments,":[36],"especially":[37],"urban":[39],"areas":[40],"with":[41],"dense":[42],"structures":[43],"like":[44],"buildings.":[45],"As":[46],"a":[47,90],"promising":[48],"technology":[49],"enhance":[51,94],"the":[52,71,122,143,146],"communication":[54,95,137],"reconfigurable":[56],"intelligent":[57],"surfaces":[58],"(RIS)":[59],"have":[60],"emerged":[61],"various":[63],"Internet":[64],"Things":[66],"(IoT)":[67],"applications":[68],"by":[69,103],"adjusting":[70],"amplitude":[72],"phase":[74],"reflected":[76],"signals,":[77],"thereby":[78],"improving":[79],"signal":[80,106],"strength":[81],"network":[83,140],"efficiency.":[84],"This":[85],"study":[86],"aims":[87],"propose":[89],"novel":[91],"approach":[92],"coverage":[96],"throughput":[98],"for":[99],"mobile":[100],"ground":[101],"users":[102],"intelligently":[104],"leveraging":[105],"reflection":[107],"from":[108],"DBSs":[109],"using":[110],"ground-based":[111],"RIS.":[112],"We":[113],"employ":[114],"Deep":[115],"Reinforcement":[116],"Learning":[117],"(DRL)":[118],"optimize":[120],"both":[121],"DBS":[123],"location":[124],"RIS":[126],"phase-shifts.":[127],"Numerical":[128],"results":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"improvements":[132],"system":[134],"performance,":[135],"including":[136],"quality":[138],"throughput,":[141],"validating":[142],"effectiveness":[144],"proposed":[147],"approach.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
