{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399829827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15060362","title":"Modeling COVID-19 Transmission in Closed Indoor Settings: An Agent-Based Approach with Comprehensive Sensitivity Analysis","display_name":"Modeling COVID-19 Transmission in Closed Indoor Settings: An Agent-Based Approach with Comprehensive Sensitivity Analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399829827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15060362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15060362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15060362","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/6/362/pdf?version=1718790556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/6/362/pdf?version=1718790556","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042109959","display_name":"Amir Ebrahimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0858-4958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80543232","display_name":"K.N.Toosi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0433abe34","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hossein Ebrahimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geospatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geospatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036605286","display_name":"Ali Asghar Alesheikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9537-9401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80543232","display_name":"K.N.Toosi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0433abe34","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Asghar Alesheikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geospatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geospatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80543232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090303008","display_name":"Navid Hooshangi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157180","display_name":"Arak University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/053wftt74","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157180"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navid Hooshangi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying Engineering, College of Earth Sciences Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak 38181-46763, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying Engineering, College of Earth Sciences Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak 38181-46763, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157180"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045457334","display_name":"Mohammad Sharif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-007X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Sharif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mobility and Urban Planning, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45127 Essen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mobility and Urban Planning, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45127 Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070857760","display_name":"Abolfazl Mollalo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5092-0698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153297377","display_name":"Medical University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/012jban78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153297377"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abolfazl Mollalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Informatics Center, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Informatics Center, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153297377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036605286","https://openalex.org/A5045457334"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514","https://openalex.org/I80543232"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09801174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"362","last_page":"362"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9463000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.8285362720489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.7579410076141357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.6257928013801575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.5897085070610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.5876755118370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44293296337127686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.2858126759529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2361905872821808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17129135131835938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1267014741897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.09163004159927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.07067769765853882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8285362720489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.7579410076141357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6257928013801575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5897085070610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5876755118370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44293296337127686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.2858126759529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2361905872821808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17129135131835938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1267014741897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.09163004159927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.07067769765853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15060362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15060362","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/6/362/pdf?version=1718790556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4873568d8f334790aa6b98535fa24cfe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4873568d8f334790aa6b98535fa24cfe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 362 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/15/6/362/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15060362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15060362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15060362","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/6/362/pdf?version=1718790556","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399829827.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W283561093","https://openalex.org/W2123665197","https://openalex.org/W2128018982","https://openalex.org/W2140862057","https://openalex.org/W2145408484","https://openalex.org/W2146036952","https://openalex.org/W2406496922","https://openalex.org/W2522847665","https://openalex.org/W2887339564","https://openalex.org/W2980664791","https://openalex.org/W3014128467","https://openalex.org/W3023223186","https://openalex.org/W3026475761","https://openalex.org/W3034038411","https://openalex.org/W3036722614","https://openalex.org/W3046067994","https://openalex.org/W3095075747","https://openalex.org/W3096046600","https://openalex.org/W3097089850","https://openalex.org/W3108113884","https://openalex.org/W3112818578","https://openalex.org/W3116624293","https://openalex.org/W3121119853","https://openalex.org/W3126205425","https://openalex.org/W3135860473","https://openalex.org/W3136570858","https://openalex.org/W3137784896","https://openalex.org/W3151612624","https://openalex.org/W3174404436","https://openalex.org/W3177271866","https://openalex.org/W3184164255","https://openalex.org/W3186633320","https://openalex.org/W3194694622","https://openalex.org/W3202566745","https://openalex.org/W3208636591","https://openalex.org/W3208750749","https://openalex.org/W3214498691","https://openalex.org/W3215705497","https://openalex.org/W4200016124","https://openalex.org/W4205112887","https://openalex.org/W4205817641","https://openalex.org/W4206721495","https://openalex.org/W4225259800","https://openalex.org/W4280515860","https://openalex.org/W4280641899","https://openalex.org/W4280645091","https://openalex.org/W4285602550","https://openalex.org/W4285810268","https://openalex.org/W4297341707","https://openalex.org/W4310434631","https://openalex.org/W4313466316","https://openalex.org/W4313825673","https://openalex.org/W4377019025","https://openalex.org/W4378550404","https://openalex.org/W4386849637","https://openalex.org/W4394804994","https://openalex.org/W6788126179","https://openalex.org/W6789861825","https://openalex.org/W6805134023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W4382894326","https://openalex.org/W3171943759","https://openalex.org/W3176864053","https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W4292098121","https://openalex.org/W3154141118","https://openalex.org/W4388896133","https://openalex.org/W3031607536"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computational":[0],"simulation":[1],"models":[2,20],"have":[3,30,39],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,52,56,167,179],"study":[8,50],"the":[9,41,58,97,114,120,138,147,152,157],"dynamics":[10,140,184],"of":[11,43,60,102,154,159,185],"COVID-19.":[12],"Among":[13],"those,":[14],"bottom-up":[15],"approaches":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,119],"agent-based":[19],"(ABMs)":[21],"can":[22],"account":[23],"for":[24],"population":[25],"heterogeneity.":[26],"While":[27],"many":[28],"studies":[29,38],"addressed":[31],"COVID-19":[32,44,61,169],"spread":[33,42,59,170],"at":[34],"various":[35],"scales,":[36],"insufficient":[37],"investigated":[40],"within":[45],"closed":[46,64,191],"indoor":[47,65,192],"settings.":[48,193],"This":[49],"aims":[51],"develop":[53],"an":[54],"ABM":[55],"simulate":[57,168],"in":[62,124,190],"a":[63,72,93,134],"setting":[66],"using":[67,85],"three":[68],"transmission":[69,115],"sub-models.":[70],"Moreover,":[71],"comprehensive":[73],"sensitivity":[74],"analysis":[75],"encompassing":[76],"4374":[77],"scenarios":[78,182],"is":[79,83],"performed.":[80],"The":[81,90,172],"model":[82,165,174],"calibrated":[84],"data":[86],"from":[87],"Calabria,":[88],"Italy.":[89],"results":[91],"indicated":[92],"decent":[94],"consistency":[95],"between":[96],"observed":[98],"and":[99,111,143,156,183],"predicted":[100],"number":[101,158],"infected":[103],"people":[104],"(MAPE":[105],"=":[106,109],"27.94%,":[107],"RMSE":[108],"0.87":[110],"\u03c72(1,N=34)=(44.11,p=0.11)).":[112],"Notably,":[113],"distance":[116],"was":[117],"identified":[118],"most":[121],"influential":[122],"parameter":[123,132],"this":[125,131],"model.":[126],"In":[127],"nearly":[128],"all":[129],"scenarios,":[130],"had":[133],"significant":[135],"impact":[136],"on":[137],"outbreak":[139],"(total":[141],"cases":[142],"epidemic":[144],"peak).":[145],"Also,":[146],"calibration":[148],"process":[149],"showed":[150],"that":[151],"movement":[153],"agents":[155,162],"initial":[160],"asymptomatic":[161],"are":[163],"vital":[164],"parameters":[166],"accurately.":[171],"developed":[173],"may":[175],"provide":[176],"useful":[177],"insights":[178],"investigate":[180],"different":[181],"other":[186],"similar":[187],"infectious":[188],"diseases":[189]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}