{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396965880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15050283","title":"Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Opportunistic Networks: A Heuristic Approach to Adaptive Cluster-Based Routing Protocol","display_name":"Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Opportunistic Networks: A Heuristic Approach to Adaptive Cluster-Based Routing Protocol","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396965880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15050283"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15050283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15050283","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/5/283/pdf?version=1715840445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/5/283/pdf?version=1715840445","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026190572","display_name":"Meisam Sharifi Sani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6005-2182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meisam Sharifi Sani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039299746","display_name":"Saeid Iranmanesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-7775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saeid Iranmanesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002532765","display_name":"Hamidreza Salarian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamidreza Salarian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sydney International School of Technology and Commerce, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney International School of Technology and Commerce, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058660608","display_name":"Faisel Tubbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7561-9903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faisel Tubbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109000229","display_name":"Raad Raad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-4837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raad Raad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039299746"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.8263,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8549881,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"283","last_page":"283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6617271304130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6186598539352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.5503513216972351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zone-routing-protocol","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","score":0.5123041868209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5016434192657471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4475277364253998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.4259020686149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-routing-protocol","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","score":0.40269166231155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.32715651392936707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12331187725067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.111294686794281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6617271304130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6186598539352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.5503513216972351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.5123041868209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5016434192657471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4475277364253998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.4259020686149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.40269166231155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.32715651392936707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12331187725067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.111294686794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15050283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15050283","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/5/283/pdf?version=1715840445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1a3f42e756f049939e596dada5e67615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1a3f42e756f049939e596dada5e67615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 283 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/15/5/283/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15050283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15050283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15050283","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/5/283/pdf?version=1715840445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396965880.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571890950","https://openalex.org/W1965127592","https://openalex.org/W1990292349","https://openalex.org/W2086628796","https://openalex.org/W2310022771","https://openalex.org/W2323615969","https://openalex.org/W2522153945","https://openalex.org/W2611808503","https://openalex.org/W2745399437","https://openalex.org/W2745782602","https://openalex.org/W2791676498","https://openalex.org/W2792153054","https://openalex.org/W2889353419","https://openalex.org/W2908357653","https://openalex.org/W2963071325","https://openalex.org/W3022850065","https://openalex.org/W3035692002","https://openalex.org/W3039463159","https://openalex.org/W3041337363","https://openalex.org/W3129605949","https://openalex.org/W3144228390","https://openalex.org/W4206841139","https://openalex.org/W4221061414","https://openalex.org/W4290466005","https://openalex.org/W4316039203","https://openalex.org/W4385282236","https://openalex.org/W4392602542","https://openalex.org/W6737103578","https://openalex.org/W6779356707","https://openalex.org/W6780405917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126842185","https://openalex.org/W1992906332","https://openalex.org/W2546592407","https://openalex.org/W2011277702","https://openalex.org/W2008974667","https://openalex.org/W1593279778","https://openalex.org/W3022598921","https://openalex.org/W2544170366","https://openalex.org/W2145414295","https://openalex.org/W3192945866"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Opportunistic":[0],"Networks":[1],"(OppNets)":[2],"are":[3],"characterized":[4],"by":[5,16,85,174,186],"intermittently":[6],"connected":[7,94],"nodes":[8],"with":[9,140],"fluctuating":[10],"performance.":[11,112],"Their":[12],"dynamic":[13,57,77],"topology,":[14],"caused":[15],"node":[17],"movement,":[18],"activation,":[19],"and":[20,34,64,109,121,128,137,159,176,183,190],"deactivation,":[21],"often":[22],"relies":[23],"on":[24],"controlled":[25],"flooding":[26],"for":[27],"routing,":[28],"leading":[29],"to":[30,60,81,92,123],"significant":[31],"resource":[32],"consumption":[33],"network":[35,88,111],"congestion.":[36],"To":[37],"address":[38],"this":[39],"challenge,":[40],"we":[41],"propose":[42],"the":[43,53,65,83,87,147,164],"Adaptive":[44],"Clustering-based":[45],"Routing":[46],"Protocol":[47],"(ACRP).":[48],"This":[49,73,96],"ACRP":[50,118,148,165],"protocol":[51,74,149],"uses":[52],"common":[54],"member-based":[55],"adaptive":[56],"clustering":[58,152],"approach":[59,166],"produce":[61],"optimal":[62],"clusters,":[63],"OppNet":[66],"is":[67,119],"converted":[68],"into":[69],"a":[70,90,93,99,124],"TCP/IP":[71],"network.":[72,95],"adaptively":[75],"creates":[76,98],"clusters":[78],"in":[79,105],"order":[80],"facilitate":[82],"routing":[84,108],"converting":[86],"from":[89],"disjointed":[91],"strategy":[97],"persistent":[100],"connection":[101],"between":[102],"nodes,":[103],"resulting":[104],"more":[106],"effective":[107],"enhanced":[110],"It":[113],"should":[114],"be":[115],"noted":[116],"that":[117,146,168],"scalable":[120],"applicable":[122],"variety":[125],"of":[126,163],"applications":[127],"scenarios,":[129],"including":[130],"smart":[131],"cities,":[132],"disaster":[133],"management,":[134],"military":[135],"networks,":[136],"distant":[138],"places":[139],"inadequate":[141],"infrastructure.":[142],"Simulation":[143],"findings":[144],"demonstrate":[145],"outperforms":[150],"alternative":[151],"approaches":[153],"such":[154],"as":[155],"kRop,":[156],"QoS-OLSR,":[157],"LBC,":[158],"CBVRP.":[160],"The":[161],"analysis":[162],"reveals":[167],"it":[169],"can":[170],"boost":[171],"packet":[172],"delivery":[173],"28%":[175],"improve":[177],"average":[178],"end-to-end,":[179],"throughput,":[180],"hop":[181],"count,":[182],"reachability":[184],"metrics":[185],"42%,":[187],"45%,":[188],"44%,":[189],"80%,":[191],"respectively.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}