{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392232933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15030133","title":"A Convolutional Deep Neural Network Approach to Predict Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on Eye-Tracking Scan Paths","display_name":"A Convolutional Deep Neural Network Approach to Predict Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on Eye-Tracking Scan Paths","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392232933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15030133"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15030133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15030133","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/3/133/pdf?version=1709115402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/3/133/pdf?version=1709115402","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094019704","display_name":"May Alsaidi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"May Alsaidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000391092","display_name":"Nadim Obeid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9218-0923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadim Obeid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089232820","display_name":"Nailah Al\u2013Madi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0980-7559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158749337","display_name":"Princess Sumaya University for Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jy46q10","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nailah Al-Madi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081488831","display_name":"Hazem Hiary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-5294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazem Hiary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-5294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023882029","display_name":"Ibrahim Aljarah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9265-9819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Aljarah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9265-9819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023882029"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1819},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1819},"fwci":8.4275,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98545414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"133","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","score":0.7696777582168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7173142433166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6466696262359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism","display_name":"Autism","score":0.61496502161026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5575963854789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5504317879676819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5437442660331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43694978952407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","score":0.4115380644798279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.35279756784439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3374954164028168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.32318902015686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.16268014907836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08866316080093384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778538070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","level":3,"score":0.7696777582168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7173142433166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6466696262359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.61496502161026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5575963854789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5504317879676819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5437442660331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43694978952407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4115380644798279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35279756784439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3374954164028168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.32318902015686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.16268014907836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08866316080093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15030133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15030133","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/3/133/pdf?version=1709115402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:51cf477e4ee24e4aa0ee1aa9c42223c6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/51cf477e4ee24e4aa0ee1aa9c42223c6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 3, p 133 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15030133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15030133","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/3/133/pdf?version=1709115402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392232933.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392232933.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2768552973","https://openalex.org/W2807436399","https://openalex.org/W2809254203","https://openalex.org/W2887277944","https://openalex.org/W2891142141","https://openalex.org/W2898136110","https://openalex.org/W2914108393","https://openalex.org/W2920863073","https://openalex.org/W2967608553","https://openalex.org/W2980919678","https://openalex.org/W3004086575","https://openalex.org/W3009268531","https://openalex.org/W3018448745","https://openalex.org/W3020824831","https://openalex.org/W3021970402","https://openalex.org/W3023453939","https://openalex.org/W3024333932","https://openalex.org/W3027342555","https://openalex.org/W3035558131","https://openalex.org/W3036963711","https://openalex.org/W3041439392","https://openalex.org/W3105158720","https://openalex.org/W3134239803","https://openalex.org/W4212954389","https://openalex.org/W4220808900","https://openalex.org/W4283263600","https://openalex.org/W4327616887","https://openalex.org/W4394284256","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6769190642","https://openalex.org/W6780186301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4280602684","https://openalex.org/W4310092953","https://openalex.org/W2227393071","https://openalex.org/W1995350144","https://openalex.org/W2082102603","https://openalex.org/W2166141227","https://openalex.org/W3133980636","https://openalex.org/W4378085486","https://openalex.org/W4366602711","https://openalex.org/W620566831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autism":[0],"spectrum":[1,26,73,126,161,167],"disorder":[2,7,27,127,168,183],"(ASD)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,78,120,148,192,237],"developmental":[6],"that":[8,84,99,202,295],"encompasses":[9],"difficulties":[10],"in":[11,112,124,156,289],"communication":[12],"(both":[13],"verbal":[14],"and":[15,19,32,38,42,54,68,105,110,144,211,226,230,272],"non-verbal),":[16],"social":[17],"skills,":[18],"repetitive":[20],"behaviors.":[21],"The":[22,40,163,216,292],"diagnosis":[23,46,70],"of":[24,44,51,71,142,165,179,220,234,240,251,256],"autism":[25,72,125,160,166],"typically":[28,186],"involves":[29],"specialized":[30],"procedures":[31],"techniques,":[33],"which":[34],"can":[35,85,100,169,299],"be":[36,101,170],"time-consuming":[37],"expensive.":[39],"accuracy":[41,109,250,255],"efficiency":[43,111],"the":[45,49,52,55,61,88,174,182,243,246,254,277,286,296],"depend":[47],"on":[48],"expertise":[50],"specialists":[53],"diagnostic":[56],"methods":[57,83],"employed.":[58],"To":[59],"address":[60],"growing":[62],"need":[63],"for":[64,80,95,151,154,159],"early,":[65],"rapid,":[66],"cost-effective,":[67],"accurate":[69],"disorder,":[74],"there":[75],"has":[76],"been":[77],"search":[79],"advanced":[81],"smart":[82],"automatically":[86],"classify":[87,207,301],"disorder.":[89,162],"Machine":[90],"learning":[91,194,259],"offers":[92],"sophisticated":[93],"techniques":[94],"building":[96],"automated":[97],"classifiers":[98],"utilized":[102],"by":[103,134,172],"users":[104],"clinicians":[106],"to":[107,185,206,285],"enhance":[108],"diagnosis.":[113],"Eye-tracking":[114],"scan":[115],"paths":[116],"have":[117],"emerged":[118],"as":[119,197,262],"tool":[121],"increasingly":[122],"used":[123],"clinics.":[128],"This":[129,189],"methodology":[130],"examines":[131],"attentional":[132],"processes":[133],"quantitatively":[135],"measuring":[136],"eye":[137],"movements.":[138],"Its":[139],"precision,":[140],"ease":[141],"use,":[143],"cost-effectiveness":[145],"make":[146],"it":[147],"promising":[149],"platform":[150],"developing":[152,187],"biomarkers":[153],"use":[155],"clinical":[157],"trials":[158],"detection":[164],"achieved":[171,248],"observing":[173],"atypical":[175],"visual":[176],"attention":[177],"patterns":[178],"children":[180,302],"with":[181,224,236,303,307],"compared":[184,284],"children.":[188],"study":[190],"proposes":[191],"deep":[193],"model,":[195],"known":[196],"T-CNN-Autism":[198],"Spectrum":[199],"Disorder":[200],"(T-CNN-ASD),":[201],"utilizes":[203],"eye-tracking":[204],"scans":[205],"participants":[208],"into":[209],"ASD":[210,304],"typical":[212],"development":[213],"(TD)":[214],"groups.":[215],"proposed":[217,278,297],"model":[218,247,279,298],"consists":[219],"two":[221],"hidden":[222],"layers":[223],"300":[225],"150":[227],"neurons,":[228],"respectively,":[229],"underwent":[231],"10":[232],"rounds":[233],"cross-validation":[235],"dropout":[238],"rate":[239],"20%.":[241],"In":[242],"testing":[244],"phase,":[245],"an":[249],"95.59%,":[252],"surpassing":[253],"other":[257],"machine":[258],"algorithms":[260],"such":[261],"random":[263],"forest":[264],"(RF),":[265],"decision":[266],"tree":[267],"(DT),":[268],"K-Nearest":[269],"Neighbors":[270],"(KNN),":[271],"multi-layer":[273],"perceptron":[274],"(MLP).":[275],"Furthermore,":[276],"demonstrated":[280],"superior":[281],"performance":[282],"when":[283],"findings":[287],"reported":[288],"previous":[290],"studies.":[291],"results":[293],"demonstrate":[294],"accurately":[300],"from":[305],"those":[306],"TD":[308],"without":[309],"human":[310],"intervention.":[311]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}