{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390272643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010016","title":"Towards Enhancing Automated Defect Recognition (ADR) in Digital X-ray Radiography Applications: Synthesizing Training Data through X-ray Intensity Distribution Modeling for Deep Learning Algorithms","display_name":"Towards Enhancing Automated Defect Recognition (ADR) in Digital X-ray Radiography Applications: Synthesizing Training Data through X-ray Intensity Distribution Modeling for Deep Learning Algorithms","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390272643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15010016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/1/16/pdf?version=1703663170","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/1/16/pdf?version=1703663170","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030387292","display_name":"Bata Hena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6996-4340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43406934","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bata Hena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6996-4340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091230040","display_name":"Ziang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-8696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43406934","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-8696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009198383","display_name":"Luc Perron","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Perron","raw_affiliation_strings":["GI Lab Solutions, 475 Pruneau Ave, Quebec City, QC G1M 2J8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GI Lab Solutions, 475 Pruneau Ave, Quebec City, QC G1M 2J8, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077566748","display_name":"Clemente Ibarra\u2010Castanedo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0198-7439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43406934","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clemente Ibarra Castanedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0198-7439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027017464","display_name":"Xavier Maldague","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-2008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43406934","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xavier Maldague","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-2008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1065, Ave de la M\u00e9decine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077566748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.4044,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5231518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"16","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11338","display_name":"Advancements in Photolithography Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-radiography","display_name":"Digital radiography","score":0.7294651865959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6326158046722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6042582392692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4959279000759125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47314178943634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4703505337238312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4566679298877716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4382237493991852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.37093478441238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.336554616689682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33073651790618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.17036384344100952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225030","display_name":"Digital radiography","level":3,"score":0.7294651865959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6326158046722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6042582392692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4959279000759125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47314178943634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4703505337238312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4566679298877716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4382237493991852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.37093478441238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.336554616689682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33073651790618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.17036384344100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15010016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/1/16/pdf?version=1703663170","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b49824eb29c4b728e023c8b7bc3e87e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b49824eb29c4b728e023c8b7bc3e87e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 16 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15010016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/1/16/pdf?version=1703663170","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319952","display_name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/000az4664"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390272643.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2082953912","https://openalex.org/W2899973027","https://openalex.org/W2949340212","https://openalex.org/W3042268443","https://openalex.org/W3051622659","https://openalex.org/W3086072324","https://openalex.org/W3105079310","https://openalex.org/W3112484426","https://openalex.org/W3120371870","https://openalex.org/W3134052130","https://openalex.org/W3136545562","https://openalex.org/W3136775685","https://openalex.org/W3163807624","https://openalex.org/W3165032668","https://openalex.org/W3175319280","https://openalex.org/W3202686463","https://openalex.org/W3213185969","https://openalex.org/W3216804485","https://openalex.org/W4200042455","https://openalex.org/W4200449127","https://openalex.org/W4213414266","https://openalex.org/W4220706531","https://openalex.org/W4225154807","https://openalex.org/W4280537169","https://openalex.org/W4281860694","https://openalex.org/W4283775020","https://openalex.org/W4295021223","https://openalex.org/W4308712053","https://openalex.org/W4309172761","https://openalex.org/W4309632674","https://openalex.org/W4310150460","https://openalex.org/W4312930950","https://openalex.org/W4318976426","https://openalex.org/W4362482848","https://openalex.org/W4366151900","https://openalex.org/W4384525894","https://openalex.org/W4386969827","https://openalex.org/W4388823657","https://openalex.org/W4391496357","https://openalex.org/W6802091981","https://openalex.org/W6803397245"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375218795","https://openalex.org/W2355385389","https://openalex.org/W2393010557","https://openalex.org/W2358196329","https://openalex.org/W2349180100","https://openalex.org/W2329000706","https://openalex.org/W2123004098","https://openalex.org/W2061621954","https://openalex.org/W2017049262","https://openalex.org/W2045051421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"radiography":[1,93,132,208],"is":[2,98,113,212],"a":[3,15,110,188,197],"pivotal":[4],"non-destructive":[5],"testing":[6],"(NDT)":[7],"method":[8],"that":[9,80,112],"ensures":[10],"quality":[11],"and":[12,33,196,214],"safety":[13],"in":[14,29,104,141],"wide":[16],"range":[17],"of":[18,71,78,84,90,115,137,159,194,201],"industrial":[19,221],"sectors.":[20],"Conventional":[21],"human-based":[22],"approaches,":[23],"however,":[24],"are":[25,169],"prone":[26],"to":[27,37,177],"challenges":[28],"defect":[30],"detection":[31],"accuracy":[32],"efficiency,":[34],"primarily":[35],"due":[36],"the":[38,69,88,105,138,145,151],"high":[39,46],"inspection":[40],"demand":[41,75],"from":[42,124,128],"manufacturing":[43],"industries":[44],"with":[45,150,187],"production":[47],"throughput.":[48],"To":[49],"solve":[50],"this":[51],"challenge,":[52],"numerous":[53],"computer-based":[54],"alternatives":[55],"have":[56],"been":[57],"developed,":[58],"including":[59],"Automated":[60],"Defect":[61],"Recognition":[62],"(ADR)":[63],"using":[64],"deep":[65,179],"learning":[66,180],"algorithms.":[67],"At":[68],"core":[70],"training,":[72],"these":[73],"algorithms":[74],"large":[76],"volumes":[77],"data":[79,94],"should":[81],"be":[82],"representative":[83],"real-world":[85],"cases.":[86],"However,":[87],"availability":[89],"digital":[91,130,142,206],"X-ray":[92,125,131,143,207],"for":[95,219],"open":[96],"research":[97],"limited":[99],"by":[100],"non-disclosure":[101],"contractual":[102],"terms":[103],"industry.":[106],"This":[107,210],"study":[108],"presents":[109],"pipeline":[111],"capable":[114],"modeling":[116],"synthetic":[117,173],"images":[118,174],"based":[119],"on":[120,203],"statistical":[121,147],"information":[122],"acquired":[123],"intensity":[126,139],"distribution":[127,140],"real":[129,204],"images.":[133,209],"Through":[134],"meticulous":[135],"analysis":[136],"images,":[144],"unique":[146],"patterns":[148],"associated":[149],"exposure":[152],"conditions":[153],"used":[154],"during":[155],"image":[156],"acquisition,":[157],"type":[158],"component,":[160],"thickness":[161],"variations,":[162],"beam":[163],"divergence,":[164],"anode":[165],"heel":[166],"effect,":[167],"etc.,":[168],"extracted.":[170],"The":[171],"realized":[172],"were":[175],"utilized":[176],"train":[178],"models,":[181],"yielding":[182],"an":[183],"impressive":[184],"model":[185],"performance":[186],"mean":[189,198],"intersection":[190],"over":[191],"union":[192],"(IoU)":[193],"0.93":[195],"dice":[199],"coefficient":[200],"0.96":[202],"unseen":[205],"methodology":[211],"scalable":[213],"adaptable,":[215],"making":[216],"it":[217],"suitable":[218],"diverse":[220],"applications.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}