{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389994734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010004","title":"Explainable AI Evaluation: A Top-Down Approach for Selecting Optimal Explanations for Black Box Models","display_name":"Explainable AI Evaluation: A Top-Down Approach for Selecting Optimal Explanations for Black Box Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389994734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/1/4/pdf?version=1703067690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/1/4/pdf?version=1703067690","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114110932","display_name":"SeyedehRoksana Mirzaei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SeyedehRoksana Mirzaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052650235","display_name":"Hua Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3198-6282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051078950","display_name":"Raid Rafi Omar Al-Nima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9673-453X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143651","display_name":"Northern Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ytenv10","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143651"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raid Rafi Omar Al-Nima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Engineering College of Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul 41001, Iraq"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Engineering College of Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul 41001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084431277","display_name":"Wai Lok Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wai Lok Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084431277"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.4793,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94161809,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6734461188316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6567885875701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.4989147186279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4878242313861847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidisciplinary-approach","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","score":0.46310609579086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.45983240008354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4381406605243683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.42962825298309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4005018174648285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39285990595817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3854607343673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12449339032173157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.10953319072723389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09327766299247742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.06950271129608154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6734461188316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6567885875701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.4989147186279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4878242313861847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.46310609579086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.45983240008354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4381406605243683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.42962825298309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4005018174648285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39285990595817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3854607343673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12449339032173157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10953319072723389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09327766299247742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.06950271129608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/1/4/pdf?version=1703067690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f3c00e4cbc844b0d92686925f8c50964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f3c00e4cbc844b0d92686925f8c50964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 4 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info15010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010004","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/15/1/4/pdf?version=1703067690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311737","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389994734.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W2114060717","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2786693279","https://openalex.org/W2788403449","https://openalex.org/W2921802966","https://openalex.org/W2959587146","https://openalex.org/W2960362180","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963852406","https://openalex.org/W2964303497","https://openalex.org/W2973136764","https://openalex.org/W2995140071","https://openalex.org/W2996061341","https://openalex.org/W2999637955","https://openalex.org/W3035517615","https://openalex.org/W3103751997","https://openalex.org/W3135017442","https://openalex.org/W3154992862","https://openalex.org/W3155731460","https://openalex.org/W3174086521","https://openalex.org/W3178601582","https://openalex.org/W3179950556","https://openalex.org/W3189934778","https://openalex.org/W3190528386","https://openalex.org/W3201854521","https://openalex.org/W3211639647","https://openalex.org/W3216687210","https://openalex.org/W4221058841","https://openalex.org/W4221149210","https://openalex.org/W4221159886","https://openalex.org/W4256330813","https://openalex.org/W4281260498","https://openalex.org/W4283396845","https://openalex.org/W4285815124","https://openalex.org/W4297225617","https://openalex.org/W4303520777","https://openalex.org/W4306694247","https://openalex.org/W4309267669","https://openalex.org/W4311364090","https://openalex.org/W4315701371","https://openalex.org/W4319440851","https://openalex.org/W4324090801","https://openalex.org/W4327656974","https://openalex.org/W4362605320","https://openalex.org/W4367675943","https://openalex.org/W4382721613","https://openalex.org/W4384920712","https://openalex.org/W4387019985","https://openalex.org/W4389519570","https://openalex.org/W4389976290","https://openalex.org/W6755291294","https://openalex.org/W6766726207","https://openalex.org/W6800374573","https://openalex.org/W6838847448","https://openalex.org/W6839153583"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357124094","https://openalex.org/W2387399993","https://openalex.org/W2389739210","https://openalex.org/W2348924972","https://openalex.org/W2365736347","https://openalex.org/W2047454415","https://openalex.org/W2070040999","https://openalex.org/W2387293848","https://openalex.org/W3121791438","https://openalex.org/W2250140200"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Explainable":[0],"Artificial":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"(XAI)":[3],"evaluation":[4,43,80],"has":[5],"grown":[6],"significantly":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,58,97,151,201],"its":[10],"extensive":[11],"adoption,":[12],"and":[13,87,94,120,142,185],"the":[14,23,27,65,99,113,149,167,183,204],"catastrophic":[15],"consequence":[16],"of":[17,30,51,81,101,134,144,169,187],"misinterpreting":[18],"sensitive":[19],"data,":[20],"especially":[21],"in":[22,34,40,70,83,103,166],"medical":[24,196],"field.":[25],"However,":[26],"multidisciplinary":[28],"nature":[29],"XAI":[31,71,102],"research":[32],"resulted":[33],"diverse":[35],"scholars":[36],"possessing":[37],"significant":[38],"challenges":[39],"designing":[41],"proper":[42],"methods.":[44],"This":[45,73,161],"paper":[46,74,124],"proposes":[47],"a":[48,52,77,104,131,153,163,191],"novel":[49,132],"framework":[50],"three-layered":[53],"top-down":[54],"approach":[55,128],"on":[56,140,195],"how":[57,174],"arrive":[59],"at":[60],"an":[61,126],"optimal":[62,127],"explainer,":[63],"accenting":[64],"persistent":[66],"need":[67],"for":[68],"consensus":[69,170],"evaluation.":[72],"also":[75],"investigates":[76],"critical":[78],"comparative":[79],"explanations":[82,146],"both":[84],"model":[85],"agnostic":[86],"specific":[88],"explainers":[89],"including":[90],"LIME,":[91],"SHAP,":[92],"Anchors,":[93],"TabNet,":[95],"aiming":[96],"enhance":[98],"adaptability":[100],"tabular":[105,197],"domain.":[106],"The":[107],"results":[108],"demonstrate":[109],"that":[110],"TabNet":[111],"achieved":[112],"highest":[114],"classification":[115,179],"recall":[116],"followed":[117],"by":[118,129,147],"TabPFN,":[119],"XGBoost.":[121],"Additionally,":[122],"this":[123],"develops":[125],"introducing":[130],"measure":[133],"relative":[135],"performance":[136],"loss":[137],"with":[138],"emphasis":[139],"faithfulness":[141],"fidelity":[143],"global":[145,175],"quantifying":[148],"extent":[150],"which":[152],"model\u2019s":[154],"capabilities":[155],"diminish":[156],"when":[157],"eliminating":[158],"topmost":[159],"features.":[160],"addresses":[162],"conspicuous":[164],"gap":[165],"lack":[168],"among":[171],"researchers":[172],"regarding":[173],"feature":[176],"importance":[177],"impacts":[178],"loss,":[180],"thereby":[181],"undermining":[182],"trust":[184],"correctness":[186],"such":[188],"applications.":[189],"Finally,":[190],"practical":[192],"use":[193],"case":[194],"data":[198],"is":[199],"provided":[200],"concretely":[202],"illustrate":[203],"findings.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
