{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389380325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120650","title":"Optimal Hiding Strategy for Transshipments under Trade Embargoes","display_name":"Optimal Hiding Strategy for Transshipments under Trade Embargoes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389380325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120650"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14120650","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120650","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/12/650/pdf?version=1701864366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/12/650/pdf?version=1701864366","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075489357","display_name":"Paolo Fantozzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5442-2239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128649747","display_name":"Libera Universit\u00e0 Maria SS. Assunta","ror":"https://ror.org/02d8v0v24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128649747"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Fantozzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law, Economics, Politics, and Modern Languages, LUMSA University, 00193 Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5442-2239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law, Economics, Politics, and Modern Languages, LUMSA University, 00193 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128649747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079223759","display_name":"Maurizio Naldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-398X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128649747","display_name":"Libera Universit\u00e0 Maria SS. Assunta","ror":"https://ror.org/02d8v0v24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128649747"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Naldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law, Economics, Politics, and Modern Languages, LUMSA University, 00193 Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-398X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law, Economics, Politics, and Modern Languages, LUMSA University, 00193 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128649747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079223759"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128649747"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31398651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"650","last_page":"650"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9330000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transshipment","display_name":"Transshipment (information security)","score":0.929892361164093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediary","display_name":"Intermediary","score":0.7501848936080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5550650358200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"International trade","score":0.5064252614974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33081355690956116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.32924216985702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2849578857421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.11760511994361877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776234997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17134191","display_name":"Transshipment (information security)","level":2,"score":0.929892361164093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139569457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666223","display_name":"Intermediary","level":2,"score":0.7501848936080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5550650358200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.5064252614974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33081355690956116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.32924216985702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2849578857421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.11760511994361877}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14120650","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120650","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/12/650/pdf?version=1701864366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:73bbc28d6ef247d7bad9341c150204c0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/73bbc28d6ef247d7bad9341c150204c0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 650 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14120650","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120650","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/12/650/pdf?version=1701864366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389380325.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2025410162","https://openalex.org/W2031305997","https://openalex.org/W2042312885","https://openalex.org/W2063047535","https://openalex.org/W2088932855","https://openalex.org/W2093100578","https://openalex.org/W2114123573","https://openalex.org/W2119847255","https://openalex.org/W2141741726","https://openalex.org/W2262285543","https://openalex.org/W2319298810","https://openalex.org/W2591914985","https://openalex.org/W2885517299","https://openalex.org/W2897250148","https://openalex.org/W2913215245","https://openalex.org/W2943060276","https://openalex.org/W3011257818","https://openalex.org/W3123914045","https://openalex.org/W3126694064","https://openalex.org/W3158344372","https://openalex.org/W3186267725","https://openalex.org/W3211046298","https://openalex.org/W4283514636","https://openalex.org/W4380249467","https://openalex.org/W4384928166","https://openalex.org/W4386387937","https://openalex.org/W6677900263","https://openalex.org/W6692688398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2989662842","https://openalex.org/W3164383682","https://openalex.org/W2081792944","https://openalex.org/W2063230249","https://openalex.org/W2138955107","https://openalex.org/W1977436202","https://openalex.org/W1971899740","https://openalex.org/W2167604488","https://openalex.org/W2192670466","https://openalex.org/W3009514698"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trade":[0],"embargoes,":[1],"often":[2],"imposed":[3],"for":[4,110],"political,":[5],"economic,":[6],"or":[7,41,48],"security":[8],"reasons,":[9],"have":[10],"long":[11],"been":[12],"a":[13,23],"tool":[14],"of":[15,70,118,127,133],"international":[16],"diplomacy.":[17],"Transshipments":[18],"may":[19,54],"be":[20,55,74],"employed":[21],"as":[22],"strategic":[24],"mechanism":[25],"by":[26,76,88],"nations":[27],"and":[28,129],"organizations":[29],"to":[30,43,57,62,73,114],"circumvent":[31],"trade":[32],"embargoes.":[33],"Transshipment":[34],"involves":[35],"rerouting":[36],"goods":[37,134],"through":[38,102],"intermediary":[39],"ports":[40],"countries":[42],"obscure":[44],"their":[45],"origin,":[46],"destination,":[47],"the":[49,64,83,89,116,124,130],"parties":[50],"involved.":[51],"This":[52],"practice":[53],"subject":[56],"investigation,":[58],"which":[59],"could":[60],"lead":[61],"exposing":[63],"entities":[65,78],"employing":[66],"it.":[67],"Strategic":[68],"management":[69],"transshipments":[71,101],"has":[72],"devised":[75],"those":[77,136],"(the":[79,91],"attackers)":[80],"battling":[81],"against":[82],"transshipment":[84],"detection":[85],"mechanisms":[86],"adopted":[87],"embargo-setters":[90],"defenders).":[92],"In":[93],"this":[94],"paper,":[95],"we":[96],"consider":[97],"an":[98,107],"entity":[99,112],"exploiting":[100],"several":[103],"intermediaries.":[104,137],"We":[105],"derive":[106],"optimal":[108,125,131],"strategy":[109,122],"that":[111],"wishing":[113],"minimize":[115],"probability":[117],"being":[119],"exposed.":[120],"Our":[121],"provides":[123],"number":[126],"intermediaries":[128],"distribution":[132],"among":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
