{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389086140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120634","title":"AdvRain: Adversarial Raindrops to Attack Camera-Based Smart Vision Systems","display_name":"AdvRain: Adversarial Raindrops to Attack Camera-Based Smart Vision Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389086140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14120634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/12/634/pdf?version=1701135609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/12/634/pdf?version=1701135609","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012650826","display_name":"Amira Guesmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-7958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amira Guesmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["eBrain Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eBrain Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100647460","display_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Hanif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9841-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Hanif","raw_affiliation_strings":["eBrain Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eBrain Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005190949","display_name":"Muhammad Shafique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-8135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["eBrain Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eBrain Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012650826"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.9381,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92892384,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"634","last_page":"634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9649999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7433022856712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6982673406600952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6600146293640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6503876447677612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.5564513802528381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5039781928062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.48338547348976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.44139787554740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.42770156264305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.4138643741607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32031843066215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.14246344566345215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7433022856712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6982673406600952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6600146293640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6503876447677612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.5564513802528381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5039781928062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.48338547348976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.44139787554740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42770156264305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4138643741607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32031843066215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.14246344566345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14120634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/12/634/pdf?version=1701135609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44b7af35cb99493f811fc8d58e86f31a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44b7af35cb99493f811fc8d58e86f31a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 634 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14120634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14120634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/12/634/pdf?version=1701135609","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1029150213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CG010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313203","funder_display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2867374101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CG010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330069","funder_display_name":"Tamkeen"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3288531224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CG001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330069","funder_display_name":"Tamkeen"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5066768796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G1104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313203","funder_display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8329161897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G1104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330069","funder_display_name":"Tamkeen"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8833531855","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CG001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313203","funder_display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G974757083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Tamkeen","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313203","funder_display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313203","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330069","display_name":"Tamkeen","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389086140.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2461943168","https://openalex.org/W2736899637","https://openalex.org/W2740520864","https://openalex.org/W2745565856","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W3015625436","https://openalex.org/W3035447895","https://openalex.org/W3175451538","https://openalex.org/W3204155906","https://openalex.org/W3210780202","https://openalex.org/W4312914520","https://openalex.org/W4313138527","https://openalex.org/W4388294983","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6741036071"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3176240006","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W4320018150","https://openalex.org/W2918664383","https://openalex.org/W4320855730","https://openalex.org/W3123119822","https://openalex.org/W106056076","https://openalex.org/W2135200719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vision-based":[0],"perception":[1,65,118],"modules":[2,16],"are":[3,17,34,80,186],"increasingly":[4],"deployed":[5],"in":[6,100,189,261],"many":[7],"applications,":[8],"especially":[9],"autonomous":[10],"vehicles":[11],"and":[12,26,32,40,43,71,84,192,269,276],"intelligent":[13],"robots.":[14],"These":[15],"being":[18],"used":[19],"to":[20,36,134,179,198,220,224,250],"acquire":[21],"information":[22],"about":[23],"the":[24,94,124,135,148,170,228,246,251,255],"surroundings":[25],"identify":[27,221],"obstacles.":[28],"Hence,":[29],"accurate":[30],"detection":[31],"classification":[33],"essential":[35],"reach":[37],"appropriate":[38,42],"decisions":[39],"take":[41],"safe":[44],"actions":[45],"at":[46],"all":[47,121],"times.":[48],"Current":[49],"studies":[50],"have":[51],"demonstrated":[52],"that":[53,131,157,227],"\u201cprinted":[54],"adversarial":[55,60,111,232],"attacks\u201d,":[56],"known":[57],"as":[58,68],"physical":[59,78],"attacks,":[61],"can":[62,158],"successfully":[63],"mislead":[64],"models":[66],"such":[67,184],"object":[69],"detectors":[70],"image":[72,140,248],"classifiers.":[73],"However,":[74],"most":[75],"of":[76,115,123,150,172,245,265],"these":[77],"attacks":[79,130],"based":[81,145,213,240],"on":[82,146,161,214,241,271],"noticeable":[83],"eye-catching":[85],"patterns":[86],"for":[87,233,273,278],"generated":[88],"perturbations":[89,185],"making":[90],"them":[91],"identifiable/detectable":[92],"by":[93,254],"human":[95],"eye,":[96],"in-field":[97],"tests,":[98],"or":[99,139],"test":[101],"drives.":[102],"In":[103],"this":[104],"paper,":[105],"we":[106,208],"propose":[107],"a":[108,151,162,173,202,216,234,259],"camera-based":[109,117],"inconspicuous":[110,188],"attack":[112,143],"(AdvRain)":[113],"capable":[114],"fooling":[116],"systems":[119],"over":[120,169],"objects":[122],"same":[125],"class.":[126],"Unlike":[127],"mask-based":[128],"FakeWeather":[129],"require":[132],"access":[133],"underlying":[136],"computing":[137],"hardware":[138],"memory,":[141],"our":[142],"is":[144,166,231,239],"emulating":[147],"effects":[149],"natural":[152,203],"weather":[153],"condition":[154],"(i.e.,":[155],"Raindrops)":[156],"be":[159],"printed":[160],"translucent":[163],"sticker,":[164],"which":[165],"externally":[167],"placed":[168],"lens":[171],"camera":[174],"whenever":[175],"an":[176,181,210],"adversary":[177],"plans":[178],"trigger":[180],"attack.":[182],"Note,":[183],"still":[187],"real-world":[190],"deployments":[191],"their":[193,199],"presence":[194],"goes":[195],"unnoticed":[196],"due":[197],"association":[200],"with":[201],"phenomenon.":[204],"To":[205],"accomplish":[206],"this,":[207],"develop":[209],"iterative":[211],"process":[212],"performing":[215],"random":[217],"search":[218],"aiming":[219],"critical":[222],"positions":[223],"make":[225],"sure":[226],"performed":[229],"transformation":[230,238],"target":[235],"classifier.":[236],"Our":[237],"blurring":[242],"predefined":[243],"parts":[244],"captured":[247],"corresponding":[249],"areas":[252],"covered":[253],"raindrop.":[256],"We":[257],"achieve":[258],"drop":[260],"average":[262],"model":[263],"accuracy":[264],"more":[266],"than":[267],"45%":[268],"40%":[270],"VGG19":[272],"ImageNet":[274],"dataset":[275],"Resnet34":[277],"Caltech-101":[279],"dataset,":[280],"respectively,":[281],"using":[282],"only":[283],"20":[284],"raindrops.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}