{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387496392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14100553","title":"A Survey of Machine Learning Assisted Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution","display_name":"A Survey of Machine Learning Assisted Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387496392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14100553"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14100553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14100553","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/10/553/pdf?version=1696928168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/10/553/pdf?version=1696928168","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046450030","display_name":"Nathan K. Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9969-082X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nathan K. Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2010, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9969-082X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024845170","display_name":"Robert Malaney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-5601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Malaney","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2010, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-5601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112749243","display_name":"Kenneth J. Grant","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303474014","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05ddrvt52","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I3139952251"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth J. Grant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA 5111, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA 5111, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046450030"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.1139,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88830698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"553","last_page":"553"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.9400755763053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.8050564527511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6062815189361572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5363643765449524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-of-distribution-algorithm","display_name":"Estimation of distribution algorithm","score":0.5079219937324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.4999990463256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-variable","display_name":"Continuous variable","score":0.48094290494918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.433398962020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36023756861686707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.33107203245162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2563022971153259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2157900631427765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18244019150733948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14032447338104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11759454011917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.08457514643669128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07471314072608948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.9400755763053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.8050564527511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6062815189361572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5363643765449524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162500139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835887","display_name":"Estimation of distribution algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5079219937324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4999990463256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983394010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19885330","display_name":"Continuous variable","level":2,"score":0.48094290494918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.433398962020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36023756861686707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.33107203245162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2563022971153259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2157900631427765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18244019150733948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14032447338104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11759454011917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.08457514643669128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07471314072608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14100553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14100553","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/10/553/pdf?version=1696928168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:016f184693754b96af80c04096b93f71","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/016f184693754b96af80c04096b93f71","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 553 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14100553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14100553","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/10/553/pdf?version=1696928168","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8806873626","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MyIP 8672","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334935","funder_display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Organisation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334935","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/05ddrvt52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335334","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387496392.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1910706370","https://openalex.org/W1994461448","https://openalex.org/W1999183840","https://openalex.org/W2009593842","https://openalex.org/W2081810236","https://openalex.org/W2105027281","https://openalex.org/W2372557991","https://openalex.org/W2586933880","https://openalex.org/W2600990055","https://openalex.org/W2745413338","https://openalex.org/W2783948779","https://openalex.org/W2789906340","https://openalex.org/W2789988339","https://openalex.org/W2807828003","https://openalex.org/W2908822591","https://openalex.org/W2942486667","https://openalex.org/W2957610058","https://openalex.org/W2962575268","https://openalex.org/W2970581988","https://openalex.org/W2974801745","https://openalex.org/W2983536868","https://openalex.org/W3006818553","https://openalex.org/W3009858639","https://openalex.org/W3017100484","https://openalex.org/W3026578718","https://openalex.org/W3034516346","https://openalex.org/W3044253432","https://openalex.org/W3046727614","https://openalex.org/W3092084184","https://openalex.org/W3101626624","https://openalex.org/W3102393105","https://openalex.org/W3106153372","https://openalex.org/W3106214064","https://openalex.org/W3127389953","https://openalex.org/W3128255885","https://openalex.org/W3131563587","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W3186442904","https://openalex.org/W3187512439","https://openalex.org/W3195203682","https://openalex.org/W3199127567","https://openalex.org/W3201491164","https://openalex.org/W3205033705","https://openalex.org/W3205961460","https://openalex.org/W3213276086","https://openalex.org/W4205907413","https://openalex.org/W4207008829","https://openalex.org/W4213038658","https://openalex.org/W4221141786","https://openalex.org/W4225793133","https://openalex.org/W4226369293","https://openalex.org/W4281489627","https://openalex.org/W4281896470","https://openalex.org/W4283753937","https://openalex.org/W4289950780","https://openalex.org/W4290771316","https://openalex.org/W4308192989","https://openalex.org/W4309554178","https://openalex.org/W4309647018","https://openalex.org/W4309830219","https://openalex.org/W4311040533","https://openalex.org/W4318472731","https://openalex.org/W4324143333","https://openalex.org/W4360826146","https://openalex.org/W4377082712","https://openalex.org/W4382679308","https://openalex.org/W6765570983","https://openalex.org/W6785777823","https://openalex.org/W6810743068","https://openalex.org/W6841420595"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2919107251","https://openalex.org/W2020508760","https://openalex.org/W2166546064","https://openalex.org/W2329945547","https://openalex.org/W4385367768","https://openalex.org/W2088469526","https://openalex.org/W4378945267","https://openalex.org/W2154488031","https://openalex.org/W3158610581","https://openalex.org/W4200276067"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous-variable":[0],"quantum":[1],"key":[2,64,69],"distribution":[3],"(CV-QKD)":[4],"shows":[5],"potential":[6],"for":[7,108,111],"the":[8,19,79,87,90,96],"rapid":[9],"development":[10],"of":[11,21,47,78],"an":[12],"information-theoretic":[13],"secure":[14],"global":[15],"communication":[16],"network;":[17],"however,":[18],"complexities":[20],"CV-QKD":[22,48,94,113],"implementation":[23],"remain":[24],"a":[25,75],"restrictive":[26],"factor.":[27],"Machine":[28],"learning":[29],"(ML)":[30],"has":[31,40],"recently":[32],"shown":[33],"promise":[34],"in":[35],"alleviating":[36],"these":[37],"complexities.":[38],"ML":[39,91],"been":[41],"applied":[42],"to":[43,101],"almost":[44],"every":[45],"stage":[46],"protocols,":[49],"including":[50],"ML-assisted":[51,83,112],"phase":[52],"error":[53],"estimation,":[54,57],"excess":[55],"noise":[56],"state":[58],"discrimination,":[59],"parameter":[60],"estimation":[61],"and":[62,68],"optimization,":[63],"sifting,":[65],"information":[66],"reconciliation,":[67],"rate":[70],"estimation.":[71],"This":[72],"survey":[73,88],"provides":[74],"comprehensive":[76],"analysis":[77],"current":[80],"literature":[81],"on":[82],"CV-QKD.":[84],"In":[85],"addition,":[86],"compares":[89],"algorithms":[92,98],"assisting":[93],"with":[95],"traditional":[97],"they":[99],"aim":[100],"augment,":[102],"as":[103,105],"well":[104],"providing":[106],"recommendations":[107],"future":[109],"directions":[110],"research.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
