{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387267635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14100539","title":"ECG-Based Driving Fatigue Detection Using Heart Rate Variability Analysis with Mutual Information","display_name":"ECG-Based Driving Fatigue Detection Using Heart Rate Variability Analysis with Mutual Information","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387267635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14100539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14100539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14100539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/10/539/pdf?version=1696258839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/10/539/pdf?version=1696258839","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086626555","display_name":"Junartho Halomoan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29617571","display_name":"University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/0116zj450","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junartho Halomoan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079944075","display_name":"Kalamullah Ramli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0374-4465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29617571","display_name":"University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/0116zj450","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kalamullah Ramli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022609963","display_name":"Dodi Sudiana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8062-0901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29617571","display_name":"University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/0116zj450","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dodi Sudiana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031234998","display_name":"Teddy Surya Gunawan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3345-4669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4164984","display_name":"International Islamic University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/03s9hs139","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I862893732","display_name":"Telkom University","ror":"https://ror.org/0004wsx81","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I862893732"]}],"countries":["ID","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teddy Surya Gunawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia","School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I862893732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010861850","display_name":"Muhammad Salman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0510-6301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29617571","display_name":"University of Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/0116zj450","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Salman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079944075","https://openalex.org/A5086626555"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29617571"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.3857,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90441548,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"539","last_page":"539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.7478833794593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.7035037279129028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6339689493179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6076697707176208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"Mutual information","score":0.5870519280433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5851974487304688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5381930470466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5053877830505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4388093948364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.16877305507659912}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.7478833794593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.7035037279129028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6339689493179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6076697707176208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.5870519280433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5851974487304688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5381930470466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5053877830505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4388093948364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.16877305507659912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14100539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14100539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/10/539/pdf?version=1696258839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:108081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://irep.iium.edu.my/108081/2/108081_ECG-based%20driving%20fatigue_SCOPUS.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400713","display_name":"The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository (The International Islamic University Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4164984","host_organization_name":"International Islamic University Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf0bcf80feaa4eb6993aff2d8a4119b8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf0bcf80feaa4eb6993aff2d8a4119b8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 539 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/14/10/539/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14100539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14100539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14100539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/10/539/pdf?version=1696258839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1205244984","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RST/HKP","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323819","funder_display_name":"Universitas Indonesia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3833462595","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RST/HKP.05.00/2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323819","funder_display_name":"Universitas Indonesia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7230163141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323819","funder_display_name":"Universitas Indonesia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7737843161","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NKB-701/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323819","funder_display_name":"Universitas Indonesia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323819","display_name":"Universitas Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/0116zj450"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387267635.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W158824538","https://openalex.org/W1541210109","https://openalex.org/W1767708321","https://openalex.org/W1891654315","https://openalex.org/W1969117243","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2013926069","https://openalex.org/W2034489756","https://openalex.org/W2064126425","https://openalex.org/W2071602085","https://openalex.org/W2087016914","https://openalex.org/W2093362058","https://openalex.org/W2101753511","https://openalex.org/W2106100548","https://openalex.org/W2106319793","https://openalex.org/W2133254377","https://openalex.org/W2140336646","https://openalex.org/W2143558531","https://openalex.org/W2144419854","https://openalex.org/W2150789152","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2183994457","https://openalex.org/W2371731424","https://openalex.org/W2607955500","https://openalex.org/W2609728233","https://openalex.org/W2751698686","https://openalex.org/W2759190050","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2795890722","https://openalex.org/W2890168959","https://openalex.org/W2894818097","https://openalex.org/W2898280479","https://openalex.org/W2904899621","https://openalex.org/W2913872323","https://openalex.org/W2921821818","https://openalex.org/W2943512776","https://openalex.org/W2950922080","https://openalex.org/W2963691377","https://openalex.org/W3006499155","https://openalex.org/W3008162595","https://openalex.org/W3009350620","https://openalex.org/W3014841208","https://openalex.org/W3023217024","https://openalex.org/W3039681214","https://openalex.org/W3043370475","https://openalex.org/W3044867970","https://openalex.org/W3045004532","https://openalex.org/W3088694469","https://openalex.org/W3093981769","https://openalex.org/W3094581867","https://openalex.org/W3102403537","https://openalex.org/W3104400359","https://openalex.org/W3109483273","https://openalex.org/W3127637041","https://openalex.org/W3128380584","https://openalex.org/W3134565216","https://openalex.org/W3156832010","https://openalex.org/W3166928989","https://openalex.org/W3196044248","https://openalex.org/W4205699531","https://openalex.org/W4220818737","https://openalex.org/W4232533539","https://openalex.org/W4254048460","https://openalex.org/W4280651002","https://openalex.org/W4283787798","https://openalex.org/W4312195930","https://openalex.org/W4362467456","https://openalex.org/W6681560199","https://openalex.org/W6760726448","https://openalex.org/W6786659312"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011239835","https://openalex.org/W4312534362","https://openalex.org/W4388745254","https://openalex.org/W2980082554","https://openalex.org/W1517228774","https://openalex.org/W2767419625","https://openalex.org/W2997083166","https://openalex.org/W3185760728","https://openalex.org/W2915047625","https://openalex.org/W2389704471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,44,50,144,159,165,174,194,199],"the":[2,53,58,69,79,87,106,123,142,148,175,179,188],"WHO\u2019s":[3],"strategies":[4],"to":[5,13,23,63,100,104,136],"reduce":[6],"road":[7],"traffic":[8],"injuries":[9],"and":[10,46,65,82,126,168],"fatalities":[11],"is":[12],"enhance":[14],"vehicle":[15,25],"safety.":[16,26],"Driving":[17],"fatigue":[18,34,64,89],"detection":[19,35,90],"can":[20],"be":[21],"used":[22],"increase":[24],"Our":[27],"previous":[28],"study":[29,54],"developed":[30],"an":[31],"ECG-based":[32],"driving":[33,88],"framework":[36],"with":[37,114,147,183,196],"AdaBoost,":[38],"producing":[39],"a":[40,47],"high":[41],"cross-validated":[42,197],"accuracy":[43,49,193,198],"98.82%":[45],"testing":[48,192],"81.82%;":[51],"however,":[52],"did":[55],"not":[56],"consider":[57],"driver\u2019s":[59,107],"cognitive":[60,108],"state":[61],"related":[62],"redundant":[66,138],"features":[67,103,111,115,146,163,167,186],"in":[68,78,86,122],"classification":[70],"model.":[71],"In":[72,129],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75,95,132,152],"propose":[76],"developments":[77],"feature":[80,83,93,130],"extraction":[81],"selection":[84],"phases":[85],"framework.":[91],"For":[92],"extraction,":[94],"employ":[96,133],"heart":[97,118],"rate":[98,119],"fragmentation":[99],"extract":[101],"non-linear":[102,127],"analyze":[105],"status.":[109],"These":[110],"are":[112],"combined":[113],"obtained":[116],"from":[117],"variability":[120],"analysis":[121],"time,":[124],"frequency,":[125],"domains.":[128],"selection,":[131],"mutual":[134],"information":[135],"filter":[137],"features.":[139],"To":[140],"find":[141],"number":[143],"selected":[145,162,185],"best":[149,189],"model":[150,190],"performance,":[151],"carried":[153],"out":[154,164],"28":[155],"combination":[156],"experiments":[157,176],"consisting":[158],"7":[160],"possible":[161],"58":[166],"4":[169],"ensemble":[170],"learnings.":[171],"The":[172],"results":[173],"show":[177],"that":[178],"random":[180],"forest":[181],"algorithm":[182],"44":[184],"produced":[187],"performance":[191],"95.45%,":[195],"98.65%.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}