{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384928790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14070417","title":"NARX Technique to Predict Torque in Internal Combustion Engines","display_name":"NARX Technique to Predict Torque in Internal Combustion Engines","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384928790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14070417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14070417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14070417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/7/417/pdf?version=1689828729","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/7/417/pdf?version=1689828729","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091112039","display_name":"Federico Ricci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8449-9202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Ricci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via Goffredo Duranti, 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8449-9202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via Goffredo Duranti, 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040259992","display_name":"Luca Petrucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9481-5494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luca Petrucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via Goffredo Duranti, 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9481-5494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via Goffredo Duranti, 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022158240","display_name":"Francesco Mariani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-9720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Mariani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via Goffredo Duranti, 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-9720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via Goffredo Duranti, 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074689523","display_name":"Carlo N. Grimaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-7567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27483092","display_name":"University of Perugia","ror":"https://ror.org/00x27da85","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Nazareno Grimaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via Goffredo Duranti, 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-7567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via Goffredo Duranti, 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040259992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27483092"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.463,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80709617,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"417","last_page":"417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13928","display_name":"Advanced Sensor Technologies Research","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-autoregressive-exogenous-model","display_name":"Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model","score":0.8950458765029907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6382946968078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5752403736114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.5655543804168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.5470900535583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5312554240226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5271865129470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5144789218902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.48629507422447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.4554438591003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.414112389087677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4133818745613098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35522186756134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3344130516052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3033509850502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3024595081806183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26536107063293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16572639346122742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.1317225992679596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10122096538543701}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42536954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049462","display_name":"Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model","level":3,"score":0.8950458765029907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6382946968078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5752403736114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.5655543804168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.5470900535583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5312554240226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5271865129470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5144789218902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.48629507422447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4554438591003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.414112389087677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4133818745613098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35522186756134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3344130516052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3033509850502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3024595081806183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26536107063293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16572639346122742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.1317225992679596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10122096538543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14070417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14070417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/7/417/pdf?version=1689828729","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aac107dab762405e93d0ed68254555b1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aac107dab762405e93d0ed68254555b1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 417 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/14/7/417/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14070417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 14; Issue 7; Pages: 417","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14070417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14070417","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/7/417/pdf?version=1689828729","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384928790.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991996283","https://openalex.org/W2090240203","https://openalex.org/W2101839471","https://openalex.org/W2283703563","https://openalex.org/W2287279778","https://openalex.org/W2480701669","https://openalex.org/W2528861174","https://openalex.org/W2555184324","https://openalex.org/W2789102937","https://openalex.org/W2796358601","https://openalex.org/W2893945711","https://openalex.org/W2944600191","https://openalex.org/W2975038609","https://openalex.org/W2980617254","https://openalex.org/W2989925413","https://openalex.org/W3038760092","https://openalex.org/W3092703718","https://openalex.org/W3125966007","https://openalex.org/W3150730554","https://openalex.org/W3157138286","https://openalex.org/W3201406500","https://openalex.org/W3214011033","https://openalex.org/W4213303674","https://openalex.org/W4244977870","https://openalex.org/W4280586728","https://openalex.org/W4284884449","https://openalex.org/W4286433527","https://openalex.org/W4296887692","https://openalex.org/W4298003349","https://openalex.org/W4362669212","https://openalex.org/W4367317675","https://openalex.org/W4379137893","https://openalex.org/W6754809963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2177401844","https://openalex.org/W2904357295","https://openalex.org/W2902707689","https://openalex.org/W2404928679","https://openalex.org/W4225851526","https://openalex.org/W2990899954","https://openalex.org/W3156263594","https://openalex.org/W4327796184","https://openalex.org/W2336868063","https://openalex.org/W883676525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"carry":[1],"out":[2],"increasingly":[3],"sophisticated":[4],"checks,":[5],"which":[6,51,90],"comply":[7],"with":[8,70,121,159,276],"international":[9],"regulations":[10],"and":[11,34,86,99,130,133,179,204],"stringent":[12],"constraints,":[13],"on-board":[14],"computational":[15,78,84,123],"systems":[16],"are":[17,88,95],"called":[18],"upon":[19],"to":[20,67,117,126,148,168,185,213,228,272],"manipulate":[21],"a":[22,156,206,242],"growing":[23],"number":[24,31,181],"of":[25,32,40,47,65,152,175,182,194,197,211,245,265],"variables,":[26,50],"provided":[27],"by":[28,216],"an":[29,41,153],"ever-increasing":[30],"real":[33],"virtual":[35],"sensors.":[36],"The":[37],"optimization":[38],"phase":[39],"ICE":[42,154],"passes":[43],"through":[44,155],"the":[45,60,63,81,103,106,113,137,140,149,170,180,195,201,209,217,223,234,250,255,259,274],"control":[46],"these":[48],"numerous":[49],"often":[52],"exhibit":[53],"rapidly":[54],"changing":[55],"trends":[56],"over":[57],"time.":[58],"On":[59,80],"one":[61,112],"hand,":[62,83],"amount":[64,210],"data":[66,212],"be":[68,186,214],"processed,":[69],"narrow":[71],"cyclical":[72],"frequencies,":[73],"entails":[74],"ever":[75],"more":[76],"powerful":[77],"equipment.":[79],"other":[82],"strategies":[85],"techniques":[87],"required":[89],"allow":[91],"actuation":[92],"times":[93],"that":[94,237],"useful":[96],"for":[97],"timely":[98],"optimized":[100,224],"control.":[101],"In":[102,136,219,247],"automotive":[104],"industry,":[105],"\u2018machine":[107],"learning\u2019":[108],"approach":[109],"is":[110,146],"becoming":[111],"most":[114],"used":[115],"approaches":[116],"perform":[118],"forecasting":[119],"activities":[120,165],"reduced":[122],"effort,":[124],"due":[125],"both":[127],"its":[128,131,269],"cost-effectiveness":[129],"simple":[132],"compact":[134],"structure.":[135],"present":[138],"work,":[139],"nonlinear":[141,157],"dynamic":[142],"system":[143],"we":[144],"address":[145],"related":[147],"torque":[150],"estimation":[151],"autoregressive":[158],"exogenous":[160],"inputs":[161],"(NARX)":[162],"approach.":[163],"Preliminary":[164],"were":[166,238],"performed":[167],"optimize":[169],"neural":[171],"network":[172],"in":[173,208],"terms":[174],"neurons,":[176],"hidden":[177],"layers,":[178],"input":[183],"parameters":[184],"assessed.":[187],"A":[188],"Shapley":[189],"sensitivity":[190],"analysis":[191],"allowed":[192],"quantification":[193],"impact":[196],"each":[198],"variable":[199],"on":[200,233],"target":[202,235,275],"prediction,":[203],"therefore,":[205],"reduction":[207],"processed":[215],"architecture.":[218],"all":[220],"cases":[221,257],"analyzed,":[222],"structure":[225],"was":[226,252],"able":[227],"achieve":[229],"average":[230,262],"percentage":[231],"errors":[232,264],"prediction":[236,263],"always":[239],"lower":[240],"than":[241],"critical":[243],"threshold":[244],"10%.":[246],"particular,":[248],"when":[249],"dataset":[251],"augmented":[253],"or":[254],"analyzed":[256],"merged,":[258],"architecture":[260],"achieved":[261],"about":[266],"1%,":[267],"highlighting":[268],"remarkable":[270],"ability":[271],"reproduce":[273],"fidelity.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}