{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381252111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14060349","title":"Towards Safe Cyber Practices: Developing a Proactive Cyber-Threat Intelligence System for Dark Web Forum Content by Identifying Cybercrimes","display_name":"Towards Safe Cyber Practices: Developing a Proactive Cyber-Threat Intelligence System for Dark Web Forum Content by Identifying Cybercrimes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381252111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14060349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14060349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14060349","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/6/349/pdf?version=1687142849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/6/349/pdf?version=1687142849","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086212019","display_name":"Kanti Singh Sangher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0667-1329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331500379","display_name":"Centre for Development of Advanced Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/022abst40","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331500379","https://openalex.org/I4210121746"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanti Singh Sangher","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of IT, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Noida 201307, India","School of IT, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Noida 201307, India;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of IT, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Noida 201307, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331500379"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of IT, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Noida 201307, India;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331500379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053510344","display_name":"Archana Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5365-6351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191972202","display_name":"Amity University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n9z0v62","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126505","display_name":"Amity University","ror":"https://ror.org/02exxtn84","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191972202","https://openalex.org/I4210126505"]}],"countries":["AE","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Archana Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India","Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5365-6351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126505","https://openalex.org/I191972202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024893234","display_name":"Hari Mohan Pandey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9128-068X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","display_name":"Bournemouth University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wwcw481","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hari Mohan Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Informatics, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK","Department of Computing and Informatics, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9128-068X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Informatics, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Informatics, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060822647","display_name":"Vivek Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3958-4704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3958-4704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060822647"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":7.8096,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.973518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"6","first_page":"349","last_page":"349"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8101765513420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.6084100008010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-web","display_name":"Deep Web","score":0.5883628129959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.5165085196495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.49381884932518005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.48294633626937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.4588014483451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.42233502864837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.41085344552993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.35396844148635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.33854424953460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31993961334228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3177427053451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.200676828622818}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8101765513420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.6084100008010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46721378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221989","display_name":"Deep Web","level":3,"score":0.5883628129959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.5165085196495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.49381884932518005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.48294633626937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.4588014483451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.42233502864837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.41085344552993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.35396844148635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.33854424953460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31993961334228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3177427053451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.200676828622818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14060349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14060349","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/6/349/pdf?version=1687142849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db8231aa3c444453aaf24051fb19982f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db8231aa3c444453aaf24051fb19982f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 14, Iss 6, p 349 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/14/6/349/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14060349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 14; Issue 6; Pages: 349","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14060349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14060349","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/6/349/pdf?version=1687142849","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381252111.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W187462026","https://openalex.org/W1459543726","https://openalex.org/W1672113969","https://openalex.org/W1980276147","https://openalex.org/W2003689064","https://openalex.org/W2014545475","https://openalex.org/W2015861736","https://openalex.org/W2021993444","https://openalex.org/W2043435661","https://openalex.org/W2045783431","https://openalex.org/W2047504441","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2103901064","https://openalex.org/W2115946354","https://openalex.org/W2129066895","https://openalex.org/W2142593135","https://openalex.org/W2143545157","https://openalex.org/W2144499799","https://openalex.org/W2147416287","https://openalex.org/W2152416372","https://openalex.org/W2167004467","https://openalex.org/W2168359436","https://openalex.org/W2184259361","https://openalex.org/W2204654137","https://openalex.org/W2248810936","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2289450079","https://openalex.org/W2407776548","https://openalex.org/W2443488742","https://openalex.org/W2460725087","https://openalex.org/W2495607404","https://openalex.org/W2507674152","https://openalex.org/W2524729018","https://openalex.org/W2551528114","https://openalex.org/W2552418703","https://openalex.org/W2553533857","https://openalex.org/W2606447188","https://openalex.org/W2736010381","https://openalex.org/W2741026990","https://openalex.org/W2744692361","https://openalex.org/W2765773814","https://openalex.org/W2790832484","https://openalex.org/W2796657139","https://openalex.org/W2883522050","https://openalex.org/W2901408398","https://openalex.org/W2907788165","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2963980822","https://openalex.org/W2972005449","https://openalex.org/W2980306333","https://openalex.org/W2990574514","https://openalex.org/W3042727723","https://openalex.org/W3090759599","https://openalex.org/W3090884130","https://openalex.org/W3095252069","https://openalex.org/W3100572823","https://openalex.org/W3111112601","https://openalex.org/W3136205675","https://openalex.org/W3184628362","https://openalex.org/W3188064714","https://openalex.org/W3199652049","https://openalex.org/W3211156475","https://openalex.org/W3212809695","https://openalex.org/W4205091083","https://openalex.org/W4224928124","https://openalex.org/W4236259340","https://openalex.org/W4284960986","https://openalex.org/W4293011028","https://openalex.org/W4293057253","https://openalex.org/W4298372862","https://openalex.org/W4304810020","https://openalex.org/W4308432132","https://openalex.org/W4312827419","https://openalex.org/W4320802219","https://openalex.org/W4324142688","https://openalex.org/W4324378737","https://openalex.org/W4327722756","https://openalex.org/W4327977680","https://openalex.org/W4364354814","https://openalex.org/W4372265738","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385570400","https://openalex.org/W4386770075","https://openalex.org/W6607713467","https://openalex.org/W6685116542","https://openalex.org/W6686179152","https://openalex.org/W6687913762","https://openalex.org/W6718535531","https://openalex.org/W6736351400","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6755561024","https://openalex.org/W7021091782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361861616","https://openalex.org/W2263699433","https://openalex.org/W2377979023","https://openalex.org/W2218034408","https://openalex.org/W2392921965","https://openalex.org/W2358755282","https://openalex.org/W1966494590","https://openalex.org/W2625833328","https://openalex.org/W3159260320","https://openalex.org/W3157689944"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,131],"untraceable":[1],"part":[2],"of":[3,15,25,65,69,151,195,208,213,222],"the":[4,10,16,42,67,70,98,116,121,134,148,172,178,182,193,211,214,220,257,265],"Deep":[5],"Web,":[6,12],"also":[7],"known":[8],"as":[9,78,154,263],"Dark":[11,43,71,111,244],"is":[13,45,56],"one":[14],"most":[17],"used":[18,115,241],"\u201csecretive":[19],"spaces\u201d":[20],"to":[21,48,58,73,103,108,158,170,180,191,242,259],"execute":[22],"all":[23,177],"sorts":[24],"illegal":[26],"and":[27,34,39,52,62,93,139,228,247,254],"criminal":[28],"activities":[29,68,106,128],"by":[30,129,250],"terrorists,":[31],"cybercriminals,":[32],"spies,":[33],"offenders.":[35],"Identifying":[36],"actions,":[37],"products,":[38],"offenders":[40],"on":[41,110],"Web":[44,72,112,245],"challenging":[46],"due":[47],"its":[49],"size,":[50],"intractability,":[51],"anonymity.":[53],"Therefore,":[54,82],"it":[55],"crucial":[57],"intelligently":[59],"enforce":[60],"tools":[61],"techniques":[63],"capable":[64],"identifying":[66],"assist":[74],"law":[75,251],"enforcement":[76,252],"agencies":[77,253],"a":[79,164],"support":[80],"system.":[81],"this":[83,160,185],"study":[84],"proposes":[85],"four":[86],"deep":[87],"learning":[88],"architectures":[89],"(RNN,":[90],"CNN,":[91],"LSTM,":[92],"Transformer)-based":[94],"classification":[95,202],"models":[96],"using":[97],"pre-trained":[99],"word":[100],"embedding":[101],"representations":[102],"identify":[104,248],"illicit":[105],"related":[107],"cybercrimes":[109,249],"forums.":[113],"We":[114],"Agora":[117],"dataset":[118,135],"derived":[119],"from":[120],"DarkNet":[122],"market":[123],"archive,":[124],"which":[125,145],"lists":[126],"109":[127],"category.":[130],"listings":[132],"in":[133,234],"are":[136,143],"vaguely":[137],"described,":[138],"several":[140],"data":[141,225],"points":[142],"untagged,":[144],"rules":[146],"out":[147],"automatic":[149],"labeling":[150],"category":[152],"items":[153],"target":[155],"classes.":[156],"Hence,":[157],"overcome":[159],"constraint,":[161],"we":[162,187],"applied":[163],"meticulously":[165],"designed":[166],"human":[167],"annotation":[168,231],"scheme":[169],"annotate":[171],"data,":[173,216],"taking":[174],"into":[175],"account":[176],"attributes":[179],"infer":[181],"context.":[183],"In":[184],"research,":[186],"conducted":[188],"comprehensive":[189],"evaluations":[190],"assess":[192],"performance":[194],"our":[196,217,223,230,237],"proposed":[197,200],"approach.":[198],"Our":[199],"BERT-based":[201],"model":[203],"achieved":[204],"an":[205],"accuracy":[206],"score":[207],"96%.":[209],"Given":[210],"unbalancedness":[212],"experimental":[215],"results":[218],"indicate":[219],"advantage":[221],"tailored":[224],"preprocessing":[226],"strategies":[227],"validate":[229],"scheme.":[232],"Thus,":[233],"real-world":[235],"scenarios,":[236],"work":[238],"can":[239,255],"be":[240],"analyze":[243],"forums":[246],"pave":[256],"path":[258],"develop":[260],"sophisticated":[261],"systems":[262],"per":[264],"requirements.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
