{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4324143953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030180","title":"Localization of False Data Injection Attack in Smart Grids Based on SSA-CNN","display_name":"Localization of False Data Injection Attack in Smart Grids Based on SSA-CNN","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4324143953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14030180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030180","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/3/180/pdf?version=1678760854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/3/180/pdf?version=1678760854","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039988760","display_name":"Kelei Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelei Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103007766","display_name":"Wenxu Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6985-9196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenxu Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079311041","display_name":"Hongyu Ni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyu Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101719924","display_name":"Jie Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-9292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103007766"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.6621,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89604111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"180","last_page":"180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.7922899723052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7693737745285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5597881078720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5358356833457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.4666920304298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-meter","display_name":"Smart meter","score":0.44881102442741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4477236866950989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.41655048727989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3559911251068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32896214723587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3146149814128876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2698312997817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10156741738319397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.7922899723052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7693737745285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5597881078720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5358356833457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.4666920304298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779510800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630602","display_name":"Smart meter","level":3,"score":0.44881102442741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4477236866950989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.41655048727989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3559911251068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32896214723587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3146149814128876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2698312997817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10156741738319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14030180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030180","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/3/180/pdf?version=1678760854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a4949b624c924e48a9eab6f02b6fe45c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a4949b624c924e48a9eab6f02b6fe45c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 180 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/14/3/180/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14030180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 14; Issue 3; Pages: 180","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14030180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030180","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/3/180/pdf?version=1678760854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324143953.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108906138","https://openalex.org/W2212529815","https://openalex.org/W2312446965","https://openalex.org/W2314374461","https://openalex.org/W2570832985","https://openalex.org/W2792029691","https://openalex.org/W2905025879","https://openalex.org/W2919785014","https://openalex.org/W2947917444","https://openalex.org/W2984195658","https://openalex.org/W2987272366","https://openalex.org/W2998553334","https://openalex.org/W3013246316","https://openalex.org/W3040116469","https://openalex.org/W3099086397","https://openalex.org/W3134709860","https://openalex.org/W3159817879","https://openalex.org/W4205498177","https://openalex.org/W4206488834","https://openalex.org/W4210261976","https://openalex.org/W4214480061","https://openalex.org/W4234984547","https://openalex.org/W4287889092","https://openalex.org/W4313164677","https://openalex.org/W4394854636","https://openalex.org/W6759858105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4304182771","https://openalex.org/W3130227562","https://openalex.org/W2380006768","https://openalex.org/W4385694970","https://openalex.org/W2374211671","https://openalex.org/W2042118381","https://openalex.org/W4289827130","https://openalex.org/W2587538742","https://openalex.org/W2982280075","https://openalex.org/W2290803346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"smart":[3,34,48],"grids":[4,35],"have":[5,74,89],"integrated":[6],"information":[7],"and":[8,87,93,119,199,203,220],"communication":[9],"technologies":[10],"into":[11,40],"power":[12,100],"networks,":[13],"which":[14,44,161],"brings":[15],"new":[16],"network":[17,118],"security":[18],"issues.":[19],"Among":[20],"the":[21,24,41,47,57,77,129,135,153,159,164,175,178,182,188,204,209,224],"existing":[22],"cyberattacks,":[23],"false":[25,38],"data":[26,39],"injection":[27],"attack":[28,71,85],"(FDIA)":[29],"compromises":[30],"state":[31],"estimation":[32],"in":[33,158,212],"by":[36],"injecting":[37],"meter":[42],"measurements,":[43],"adversely":[45],"affects":[46],"grids.":[49],"Current":[50],"studies":[51,66],"on":[52,56,67,114,128,197],"FDIAs":[53,110],"mainly":[54],"focus":[55],"detection":[58],"of":[59,132,155,166,177],"its":[60,68],"existence,":[61],"but":[62],"there":[63],"are":[64,94,184,195],"few":[65],"localization.":[69,191],"Most":[70],"localization":[72,107,167,218],"methods":[73],"difficulty":[75,154],"locating":[76],"specific":[78,142],"bus":[79,143],"or":[80,144],"line":[81,145],"that":[82,111,181,208],"is":[83,112,171],"under":[84],"quickly":[86],"accurately,":[88],"high":[90,217],"computational":[91,149],"complexity":[92],"difficult":[95],"to":[96,98,163,173],"apply":[97],"large":[99],"networks.":[101],"Therefore,":[102],"this":[103,213],"paper":[104,214],"proposes":[105],"a":[106,115,122,141,169,216],"method":[108,137,210],"for":[109,190],"based":[113],"convolutional":[116],"neural":[117],"optimized":[120],"with":[121,146],"sparrow":[123],"search":[124],"algorithm":[125],"(SSA\u2013CNN).":[126],"Based":[127],"physical":[130],"meaning":[131],"measurement":[133],"vectors,":[134],"proposed":[136,211],"can":[138,221],"precisely":[139],"locate":[140],"relatively":[147],"low":[148],"complexity.":[150],"To":[151],"address":[152],"selecting":[156],"hyperparameters":[157,176,183],"CNN,":[160],"leads":[162],"degradation":[165],"accuracy,":[168],"SSA":[170],"used":[172],"optimize":[174],"CNN":[179],"so":[180],"optimal":[185],"when":[186],"using":[187],"model":[189],"Finally,":[192],"simulation":[193,205],"experiments":[194],"conducted":[196],"IEEE14-bus":[198],"IEEE118-bus":[200],"test":[201],"systems,":[202],"results":[206],"show":[207],"has":[215],"accuracy":[219],"largely":[222],"reduce":[223],"false-alarm":[225],"rate.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2023-03-15T00:00:00"}