{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318824675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020083","title":"Mixing Global and Local Features for Long-Tailed Expression Recognition","display_name":"Mixing Global and Local Features for Long-Tailed Expression Recognition","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318824675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14020083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020083","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/2/83/pdf?version=1675239162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/2/83/pdf?version=1675239162","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073518769","display_name":"Jiaxiong Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxiong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402467","display_name":"Jian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0864-5108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007973313","display_name":"Yubo Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2068-1985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yubo Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011792053","display_name":"Lei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2536-6717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007474906","display_name":"Hao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8474-0767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007474906"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.2949,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47086902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"83","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.7994787096977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6940485835075378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6490259170532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5959794521331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.590949535369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5735386610031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5531882643699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.5067468285560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression-recognition","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","score":0.4787832498550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4101945757865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3509786128997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.3461723327636719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33173638582229614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.7994787096977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6940485835075378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6490259170532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5959794521331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.590949535369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5735386610031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5531882643699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5067468285560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987714656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","level":4,"score":0.4787832498550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4101945757865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3509786128997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.3461723327636719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33173638582229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14020083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020083","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/2/83/pdf?version=1675239162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:151a2b5f67934268a9587c982287c288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/151a2b5f67934268a9587c982287c288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 83 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/14/2/83/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14020083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14020083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020083","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/2/83/pdf?version=1675239162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4318824675.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175634338","https://openalex.org/W1970942140","https://openalex.org/W1990586396","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2038317184","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2738672149","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2766890262","https://openalex.org/W2781292787","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2891191887","https://openalex.org/W2904483377","https://openalex.org/W2924282518","https://openalex.org/W2944223741","https://openalex.org/W2955058313","https://openalex.org/W2959687493","https://openalex.org/W2962895364","https://openalex.org/W2962933664","https://openalex.org/W2963469976","https://openalex.org/W2970084480","https://openalex.org/W2981843773","https://openalex.org/W2995832104","https://openalex.org/W3001196836","https://openalex.org/W3003720578","https://openalex.org/W3016403883","https://openalex.org/W3034454364","https://openalex.org/W3034504038","https://openalex.org/W3034538739","https://openalex.org/W3034552680","https://openalex.org/W3035169015","https://openalex.org/W3035336958","https://openalex.org/W3035783767","https://openalex.org/W3090835371","https://openalex.org/W3096688134","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3122081138","https://openalex.org/W3126979782","https://openalex.org/W3128994000","https://openalex.org/W3162836489","https://openalex.org/W3173787706","https://openalex.org/W3174340734","https://openalex.org/W3175010531","https://openalex.org/W3175078085","https://openalex.org/W3175546442","https://openalex.org/W3177200443","https://openalex.org/W3202521030","https://openalex.org/W3206611313","https://openalex.org/W3206715694","https://openalex.org/W3209058072","https://openalex.org/W3209386937","https://openalex.org/W3211237094","https://openalex.org/W3211510783","https://openalex.org/W3215720729","https://openalex.org/W4210788522","https://openalex.org/W4220787875","https://openalex.org/W4281492582","https://openalex.org/W4285058907","https://openalex.org/W4312465353","https://openalex.org/W6744066916","https://openalex.org/W6766969295","https://openalex.org/W6769161957","https://openalex.org/W6803462455","https://openalex.org/W6839446451"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355913164","https://openalex.org/W4205986151","https://openalex.org/W2231516625","https://openalex.org/W2168968280","https://openalex.org/W2116055069","https://openalex.org/W2998484203","https://openalex.org/W4323520705","https://openalex.org/W2356663679","https://openalex.org/W2169777806","https://openalex.org/W3027190010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large-scale":[0],"facial":[1,9,28],"expression":[2,24,29,62,119],"datasets":[3,120],"are":[4,16],"primarily":[5],"composed":[6],"of":[7,23,61,107,115,194,205,229],"real-world":[8,116],"expressions.":[10],"Expression":[11],"occlusion":[12],"and":[13,59,84,94,104,128,149,170,188,210,213,224,232],"large-angle":[14,211],"faces":[15],"two":[17],"important":[18],"problems":[19],"affecting":[20],"the":[21,44,49,57,102,108,113,133,165,192,203,216],"accuracy":[22,60,142],"recognition.":[25],"Moreover,":[26],"because":[27],"data":[30,155],"in":[31,65,159,220],"natural":[32],"scenes":[33],"commonly":[34,121],"follow":[35],"a":[36,90,123,136,153,168],"long-tailed":[37],"distribution,":[38,125],"trained":[39,137],"models":[40],"tend":[41],"to":[42,100,181],"recognize":[43],"majority":[45],"classes":[46,51],"while":[47],"recognizing":[48],"minority":[50],"with":[52,227],"low":[53,140],"accuracies.":[54],"To":[55],"improve":[56],"robustness":[58],"recognition":[63,141,204],"networks":[64,99],"an":[66,72,78],"uncontrolled":[67],"environment,":[68],"this":[69],"paper":[70],"proposes":[71],"efficient":[73],"network":[74],"structure":[75],"based":[76,163],"on":[77,164,202],"attention":[79],"mechanism":[80],"that":[81],"fuses":[82],"global":[83,103],"local":[85,95,105],"features":[86,106],"(AM-FGL).":[87],"We":[88],"use":[89],"channel":[91],"spatial":[92],"model":[93,138],"feature":[96],"convolutional":[97],"neural":[98],"perceive":[101],"human":[109],"face,":[110],"respectively.":[111],"Because":[112],"distribution":[114],"scene":[117],"field":[118],"follows":[122],"long-tail":[124],"where":[126],"neutral":[127],"happy":[129],"expressions":[130,145],"account":[131],"for":[132,143],"tail":[134,144,206],"expressions,":[135],"exhibits":[139],"such":[146],"as":[147],"fear":[148],"disgust.":[150],"CutMix":[151,166],"is":[152,174,180,199],"novel":[154],"enhancement":[156],"method":[157,173,198],"proposed":[158,175,197],"other":[160],"fields;":[161],"thus,":[162],"concept,":[167],"simple":[169],"effective":[171],"data-balancing":[172],"(BC-EDB).":[176],"The":[177],"key":[178,183],"idea":[179],"paste":[182],"pixels":[184],"(around":[185],"eyes,":[186],"mouths,":[187],"noses),":[189],"which":[190],"reduces":[191],"influence":[193],"overfitting.":[195],"Our":[196],"more":[200],"focused":[201],"expression,":[207,209],"occluded":[208],"faces,":[212],"we":[214],"achieved":[215],"most":[217],"advanced":[218],"results":[219],"occlusion-RAF-DB,":[221],"30\u2218":[222],"pose-RAF-DB,":[223],"45\u2218":[225],"pose-RAF-DB":[226],"accuracies":[228],"86.96%,":[230],"89.74%,":[231],"88.53%.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
