{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313894869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14010036","title":"A Deep Learning Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Classification and Recognition","display_name":"A Deep Learning Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Classification and Recognition","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313894869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14010036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14010036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14010036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/1/36/pdf?version=1673007965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/1/36/pdf?version=1673007965","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085810183","display_name":"Mehnoor Ahsan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehnoor Ahsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, GGPGC No.1, Abbottabad 22020, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, GGPGC No.1, Abbottabad 22020, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017072744","display_name":"Saeeda Naz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-4615"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saeeda Naz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, GGPGC No.1, Abbottabad 22020, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, GGPGC No.1, Abbottabad 22020, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011960328","display_name":"Riaz Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9366-7223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308893265","display_name":"Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zwhz281","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308893265"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riaz Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Upper Dir 00384, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Upper Dir 00384, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308893265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075524938","display_name":"Haleema Ehsan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haleema Ehsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, GGPGC No.1, Abbottabad 22020, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, GGPGC No.1, Abbottabad 22020, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101550238","display_name":"Aisha Sikandar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5419-3248"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aisha Sikandar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, GGPGC No.1, Abbottabad 22020, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, GGPGC No.1, Abbottabad 22020, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017072744"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":14.0147,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99189672,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"36","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9308000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10771","display_name":"Wound Healing and Treatments","score":0.9228000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7009273767471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6991296410560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-foot","display_name":"Diabetic foot","score":0.6502601504325867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.62528395652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.6023439764976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5903265476226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-foot-ulcer","display_name":"Diabetic foot ulcer","score":0.5086475610733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4759378433227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amputation","display_name":"Amputation","score":0.47359421849250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affine-transformation","display_name":"Affine transformation","score":0.4381488561630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.3830680251121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37579259276390076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2942119836807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.16096404194831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10590881109237671}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7009273767471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6991296410560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777858829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52856","display_name":"Diabetic foot","level":3,"score":0.6502601504325867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.62528395652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.6023439764976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5903265476226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778144972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52859","display_name":"Diabetic foot ulcer","level":4,"score":0.5086475610733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4759378433227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776204877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477415","display_name":"Amputation","level":2,"score":0.47359421849250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.4381488561630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.3830680251121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37579259276390076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2942119836807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.16096404194831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10590881109237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14010036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14010036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/1/36/pdf?version=1673007965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1105e2a818bf413fa85d05acd30b5934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1105e2a818bf413fa85d05acd30b5934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 36 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/14/1/36/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14010036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 14; Issue 1; Pages: 36","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info14010036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info14010036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/1/36/pdf?version=1673007965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313894869.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1905788381","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2109822190","https://openalex.org/W2160360672","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2899355345","https://openalex.org/W2914569332","https://openalex.org/W2954074628","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964274014","https://openalex.org/W2967307920","https://openalex.org/W2972869264","https://openalex.org/W3004406499","https://openalex.org/W3125959229","https://openalex.org/W3159193195","https://openalex.org/W3164641856","https://openalex.org/W3174248541","https://openalex.org/W3198806597","https://openalex.org/W3199891202","https://openalex.org/W3200152448","https://openalex.org/W3216999232","https://openalex.org/W4221062805","https://openalex.org/W4247367186","https://openalex.org/W4293812279","https://openalex.org/W6639680515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2761993665","https://openalex.org/W3204399739","https://openalex.org/W2004516544","https://openalex.org/W75411292","https://openalex.org/W2183845399","https://openalex.org/W2988158571","https://openalex.org/W3030231124","https://openalex.org/W1525355555","https://openalex.org/W2105916525","https://openalex.org/W3135696339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"foot":[1],"ulcer":[2],"(DFU)":[3],"is":[4],"one":[5],"of":[6,10,17,84,99,112],"the":[7,15,27,72,78,88,97,106,109],"major":[8],"complications":[9],"diabetes":[11],"and":[12,24,64,68,86,114,118],"results":[13,103],"in":[14,32],"amputation":[16],"lower":[18],"limb":[19],"if":[20],"not":[21],"treated":[22],"timely":[23],"properly.":[25],"Despite":[26],"traditional":[28],"clinical":[29],"approaches":[30],"used":[31,95],"DFU":[33],"classification,":[34],"automatic":[35],"methods":[36],"based":[37],"on":[38],"a":[39,82],"deep":[40,54],"learning":[41,55],"framework":[42],"show":[43],"promising":[44],"results.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"present":[50],"several":[51],"end-to-end":[52],"CNN-based":[53],"architectures,":[56],"i.e.,":[57],"AlexNet,":[58],"VGG16/19,":[59],"GoogLeNet,":[60],"ResNet50.101,":[61],"MobileNet,":[62],"SqueezeNet,":[63],"DenseNet,":[65],"for":[66,96,116],"infection":[67],"ischemia":[69],"categorization":[70],"using":[71],"benchmark":[73],"dataset":[74],"DFU2020.":[75],"We":[76],"fine-tune":[77],"weight":[79],"to":[80],"overcome":[81],"lack":[83],"data":[85],"reduce":[87],"computational":[89],"cost.":[90],"Affine":[91],"transform":[92],"techniques":[93],"are":[94],"augmentation":[98],"input":[100],"data.":[101],"The":[102],"indicate":[104],"that":[105],"ResNet50":[107],"achieves":[108],"highest":[110],"accuracy":[111],"99.49%":[113],"84.76%":[115],"Ischaemia":[117],"infection,":[119],"respectively.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}