{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283517014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13070310","title":"Identifying the Early Signs of Preterm Birth from U.S. Birth Records Using Machine Learning Techniques","display_name":"Identifying the Early Signs of Preterm Birth from U.S. Birth Records Using Machine Learning Techniques","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283517014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13070310"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13070310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13070310","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/7/310/pdf?version=1657075004","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/7/310/pdf?version=1657075004","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002671771","display_name":"Alireza Ebrahimvandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-2662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Ebrahimvandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA","UCSF Health, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCSF Health, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062910371","display_name":"Niyousha Hosseinichimeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3809-3778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niyousha Hosseinichimeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085867168","display_name":"Zhenyu Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8827-502X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu James Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002671771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.0913,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7669677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"7","first_page":"310","last_page":"310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11290","display_name":"Preterm Birth and Chorioamnionitis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11290","display_name":"Preterm Birth and Chorioamnionitis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10673","display_name":"Gestational Diabetes Research and Management","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10290","display_name":"Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.6407743692398071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.6381264328956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.5260132551193237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5079904198646545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gestational-age","display_name":"Gestational age","score":0.47950249910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43849635124206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premature-birth","display_name":"Premature birth","score":0.42888569831848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-weight","display_name":"Birth weight","score":0.41535916924476624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnancy","display_name":"Pregnancy","score":0.3913898169994354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstetrics","display_name":"Obstetrics","score":0.3798738718032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.343256413936615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.22090229392051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.08665898442268372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6407743692398071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.6381264328956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.5260132551193237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5079904198646545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778376644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253111","display_name":"Gestational age","level":3,"score":0.47950249910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43849635124206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776344615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625506","display_name":"Premature birth","level":4,"score":0.42888569831848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4128476","display_name":"Birth weight","level":3,"score":0.41535916924476624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.3913898169994354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.3798738718032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.343256413936615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22090229392051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08665898442268372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13070310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13070310","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/7/310/pdf?version=1657075004","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d28f56dea5a84c41b86b998fac02fc52","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d28f56dea5a84c41b86b998fac02fc52","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 13, Iss 7, p 310 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/13/7/310/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13070310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 13; Issue 7; Pages: 310","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/111167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/111167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13070310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13070310","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/7/310/pdf?version=1657075004","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283517014.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283517014.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1613249581","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1778923306","https://openalex.org/W1969054521","https://openalex.org/W1975755498","https://openalex.org/W1978648764","https://openalex.org/W1980122541","https://openalex.org/W1980802962","https://openalex.org/W2007197743","https://openalex.org/W2018564029","https://openalex.org/W2028048934","https://openalex.org/W2029629601","https://openalex.org/W2029996292","https://openalex.org/W2037885071","https://openalex.org/W2048556002","https://openalex.org/W2069282805","https://openalex.org/W2077038778","https://openalex.org/W2081017622","https://openalex.org/W2083074968","https://openalex.org/W2083885294","https://openalex.org/W2090807442","https://openalex.org/W2095400702","https://openalex.org/W2100939869","https://openalex.org/W2104992258","https://openalex.org/W2112927272","https://openalex.org/W2116607081","https://openalex.org/W2118456656","https://openalex.org/W2128939267","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2145917631","https://openalex.org/W2166266395","https://openalex.org/W2167981776","https://openalex.org/W2183920415","https://openalex.org/W2189846028","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2337344967","https://openalex.org/W2461771043","https://openalex.org/W2589773274","https://openalex.org/W2732981897","https://openalex.org/W2759161062","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2791336924","https://openalex.org/W2801294580","https://openalex.org/W2884439276","https://openalex.org/W2888743224","https://openalex.org/W2900046471","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2964180128","https://openalex.org/W2984738305","https://openalex.org/W3028572857","https://openalex.org/W3046000794","https://openalex.org/W3170904958","https://openalex.org/W3171399541","https://openalex.org/W3176421637","https://openalex.org/W3196942865","https://openalex.org/W4205570931","https://openalex.org/W4213263325","https://openalex.org/W4224026226","https://openalex.org/W6638200508","https://openalex.org/W6669490108","https://openalex.org/W6685440694","https://openalex.org/W6719244629","https://openalex.org/W6766294249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3208169454","https://openalex.org/W4239706975","https://openalex.org/W4321636153","https://openalex.org/W3198710639","https://openalex.org/W4283313480","https://openalex.org/W2605253636","https://openalex.org/W4318183018","https://openalex.org/W2735401012","https://openalex.org/W4214951795","https://openalex.org/W3181570425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Preterm":[0],"birth":[1,48,127],"(PTB)":[2],"is":[3,20,102,158,267],"the":[4,11,59,65,121,152,161,170,205,223,234,238,246,258],"leading":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,17,24,88,125,140,151,160,169,176,198,225,230,240,248,257,262],"infant":[8],"mortality":[9],"in":[10,32,164,237],"U.S.":[12,47],"and":[13,37,52,64,80,108,111,130,138,149,217],"globally.":[14],"The":[15,45,99,173,190,228,243],"goal":[16],"this":[18,209],"study":[19,85],"to":[21,84,93,221],"increase":[22],"understanding":[23],"PTB":[25,96],"risk":[26,97],"factors":[27,250,275],"that":[28,120],"are":[29,128,181],"present":[30],"early":[31],"pregnancy":[33],"by":[34],"leveraging":[35],"statistical":[36],"machine":[38],"learning":[39],"(ML)":[40],"techniques":[41,232],"on":[42,269],"big":[43],"data.":[44],"2016":[46],"records":[49],"were":[50],"obtained":[51],"combined":[53],"with":[54,74,195,215],"two":[55],"other":[56],"area-level":[57],"datasets,":[58],"Area":[60],"Health":[61,67],"Resources":[62],"File":[63],"County":[66],"Ranking.":[68],"Then,":[69],"we":[70,112,211],"applied":[71],"logistic":[72],"regression":[73],"elastic":[75],"net":[76],"regularization,":[77],"random":[78],"forest,":[79],"gradient":[81,191],"boosting":[82,192],"machines":[83,193],"a":[86,114,141],"cohort":[87],"3.6":[89],"million":[90],"singleton":[91],"deliveries":[92],"identify":[94],"generalizable":[95],"factors.":[98],"response":[100],"variable":[101],"preterm":[103,126,143,241,263],"birth,":[104,137,144],"which":[105,145,273],"includes":[106],"spontaneous":[107],"indicated":[109],"PTB,":[110,166],"performed":[113],"binary":[115],"classification.":[116],"Our":[117],"results":[118,214,244],"show":[119],"most":[122,218,259],"important":[123,260],"predictors":[124],"gestational":[129],"chronic":[131],"hypertension,":[132],"interval":[133],"since":[134],"last":[135],"live":[136],"history":[139],"previous":[142],"explains":[146],"10.92,":[147],"5.98,":[148],"5.63%":[150],"predictive":[153,171],"power,":[154],"respectively.":[155],"Parents\u2019":[156],"education":[157,254],"one":[159,256],"influential":[162],"variables":[163],"predicting":[165],"explaining":[167],"7.89%":[168],"power.":[172],"relative":[174],"importance":[175,247],"race":[177],"declines":[178],"when":[179],"parents":[180],"more":[182],"educated":[183],"or":[184],"have":[185],"received":[186],"adequate":[187],"prenatal":[188],"care.":[189],"outperformed":[194],"an":[196],"AUC":[197],"0.75":[199],"(sensitivity:":[200],"0.64,":[201],"specificity:":[202],"0.73)":[203],"for":[204],"validation":[206],"dataset.":[207],"In":[208],"study,":[210],"compare":[212],"our":[213,226],"seminal":[216],"related":[219],"studies":[220],"demonstrate":[222],"superiority":[224],"results.":[227],"application":[229],"ML":[231],"improved":[233],"performance":[235],"measures":[236],"prediction":[239],"birth.":[242,264],"emphasize":[245],"socioeconomic":[249,274],"such":[251],"as":[252,255],"parental":[253],"indicators":[261],"More":[265],"research":[266],"needed":[268],"these":[270],"mechanisms":[271],"through":[272],"affect":[276],"biological":[277],"responses.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2022-06-27T00:00:00"}