{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224642992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13050221","title":"Multi-Layer Contextual Passage Term Embedding for Ad-Hoc Retrieval","display_name":"Multi-Layer Contextual Passage Term Embedding for Ad-Hoc Retrieval","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224642992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13050221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13050221","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13050221","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/5/221/pdf?version=1650867379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/5/221/pdf?version=1650867379","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101690636","display_name":"Weihong Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4510-341X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weihong Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100974725","display_name":"Zijun Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102376295","display_name":"Yalan Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yalan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005535415","display_name":"Daoyuan Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daoyuan Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107809123","display_name":"Yifan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9410-3036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100360556","display_name":"Jiaxin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0321-2060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101690636"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.2653,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59156513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"221","last_page":"221"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8617439270019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.6837431192398071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.640527606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5806460380554199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-retrieval","display_name":"Document retrieval","score":0.5805850028991699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5347973704338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.529551088809967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5054855346679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.48125168681144714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-to-rank","display_name":"Learning to rank","score":0.4182654619216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41306599974632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.41281285881996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.33566999435424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3328542411327362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8617439270019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.6837431192398071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.640527606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5806460380554199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161156560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638872","display_name":"Document retrieval","level":2,"score":0.5805850028991699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5347973704338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.529551088809967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5054855346679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.48125168681144714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.4182654619216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41306599974632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.41281285881996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.33566999435424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3328542411327362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13050221","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13050221","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/5/221/pdf?version=1650867379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e8a8d82278654820860793ff81381f4d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e8a8d82278654820860793ff81381f4d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 221 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/13/5/221/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13050221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 13; Issue 5; Pages: 221","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13050221","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13050221","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/5/221/pdf?version=1650867379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224642992.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224642992.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085030399","https://openalex.org/W2087696423","https://openalex.org/W2136189984","https://openalex.org/W2148972377","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2470694366","https://openalex.org/W2536015822","https://openalex.org/W2766284073","https://openalex.org/W2890881127","https://openalex.org/W2945127593","https://openalex.org/W2964012472","https://openalex.org/W2971209824","https://openalex.org/W2994788603","https://openalex.org/W3021397474","https://openalex.org/W3098851962","https://openalex.org/W3099446234","https://openalex.org/W4240913316"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2489740420","https://openalex.org/W2170202678","https://openalex.org/W2122040421","https://openalex.org/W2041353081","https://openalex.org/W104148947","https://openalex.org/W2118669775","https://openalex.org/W2967976110","https://openalex.org/W2188714255","https://openalex.org/W3199233695","https://openalex.org/W3193387115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"pre-trained":[1],"language":[2],"models":[3],"such":[4],"as":[5,167,169],"Bidirectional":[6],"Encoder":[7],"Representations":[8],"from":[9,125],"Transformer":[10],"(BERT)":[11],"are":[12,24,38],"becoming":[13],"a":[14,64,86],"basic":[15],"building":[16],"block":[17],"in":[18],"Information":[19],"Retrieval":[20,128],"tasks.":[21],"Nevertheless,":[22],"there":[23],"several":[25],"limitations":[26],"when":[27],"applying":[28,57],"BERT":[29,58],"to":[30,59,63,74,97],"the":[31,41,44,50,75,79,102,111,126,151,158,162],"query-document":[32],"matching":[33],"task:":[34],"(1)":[35],"relevance":[36,114],"assessments":[37],"applicable":[39],"at":[40],"document-level,":[42],"and":[43,70,135,154],"tokens":[45],"of":[46,54,67,78,164],"documents":[47,61],"often":[48],"exceed":[49],"maximum":[51],"input":[52],"length":[53],"BERT;":[55],"(2)":[56],"long":[60,112],"leads":[62],"great":[65],"consumption":[66],"memory":[68],"usage":[69],"run":[71],"time,":[72],"owing":[73],"computational":[76],"cost":[77],"interactions":[80],"between":[81],"tokens.":[82],"This":[83],"paper":[84],"explores":[85],"novel":[87],"multi-layer":[88],"contextual":[89],"passage":[90,105],"architecture":[91],"that":[92,145],"leverage":[93],"text":[94],"summarization":[95],"extraction":[96],"generate":[98],"passage-level":[99],"evidence":[100],"for":[101,110],"pre-selected":[103],"document":[104,113],"thus":[106],"brought":[107],"new":[108],"possibilities":[109],"task.":[115],"Experiments":[116],"were":[117],"conducted":[118],"on":[119],"two":[120,138],"standard":[121],"ad-hoc":[122],"retrieval":[123],"collections":[124],"Text":[127],"Conference":[129],"(TREC)":[130],"2004":[131],"Robust":[132],"Track":[133],"(Robust04)":[134],"ClueWeb09":[136],"with":[137,157],"different":[139],"characteristics":[140],"individually.":[141],"Experimental":[142],"results":[143],"show":[144],"our":[146,165],"approach":[147],"can":[148],"significantly":[149],"outperform":[150],"strong":[152],"baselines":[153],"even":[155],"compared":[156],"same":[159],"BERT-based":[160],"models,":[161],"precision":[163],"methods":[166],"well":[168],"state-of-the-art":[170],"neural":[171],"ranking":[172],"models.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-11T23:18:09.558992","created_date":"2022-04-27T00:00:00"}