{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214845450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13030125","title":"5G-IPAKA: An Improved Primary Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for 5G Networks","display_name":"5G-IPAKA: An Improved Primary Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for 5G Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214845450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13030125"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13030125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13030125","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/3/125/pdf?version=1646389452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/3/125/pdf?version=1646389452","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076911583","display_name":"Yuelei Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9516-1947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuelei Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Modern Posts, Xi\u2019an University of Post and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710061, China","Shaanxi Provincial Information Engineering Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710075, China","School of Modern Posts, Xi'an University of Post and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710061, China","Shaanxi Provincial Information Engineering Research Institute, Xi'an 710075, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Modern Posts, Xi\u2019an University of Post and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Provincial Information Engineering Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710075, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Modern Posts, Xi'an University of Post and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Provincial Information Engineering Research Institute, Xi'an 710075, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113046139","display_name":"Yang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer, Xi\u2019an University of Post and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710061, China","School of Computer, Xi'an University of Post and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710061, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer, Xi\u2019an University of Post and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer, Xi'an University of Post and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076911583"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.9974,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91231375,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"125","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7776530981063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7274750471115112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.6340588331222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5999068021774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5655710101127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aka","display_name":"AKA","score":0.5569717288017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/challenge-handshake-authentication-protocol","display_name":"Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol","score":0.5175982713699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/otway\u2013rees-protocol","display_name":"Otway\u2013Rees protocol","score":0.5021393299102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4838060736656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-agreement-protocol","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","score":0.4362509548664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-authentication","display_name":"Mutual authentication","score":0.430441677570343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33581507205963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-distribution","display_name":"Key distribution","score":0.1870623528957367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.15321046113967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.13676980137825012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7776530981063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7274750471115112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.6340588331222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5999068021774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5655710101127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121158502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4652161","display_name":"AKA","level":2,"score":0.5569717288017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207828512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060131","display_name":"Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol","level":4,"score":0.5175982713699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35788789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320237","display_name":"Otway\u2013Rees protocol","level":5,"score":0.5021393299102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4838060736656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135530808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306713","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","level":5,"score":0.4362509548664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6944186","display_name":"Mutual authentication","level":3,"score":0.430441677570343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33581507205963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160333310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398153","display_name":"Key distribution","level":4,"score":0.1870623528957367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.15321046113967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.13676980137825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13030125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13030125","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/3/125/pdf?version=1646389452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:13711d9ba4644177836419e00977a930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/13711d9ba4644177836419e00977a930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 13, Iss 3, p 125 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/13/3/125/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13030125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 13; Issue 3; Pages: 125","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13030125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13030125","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/3/125/pdf?version=1646389452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2271778802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2018YFC08242-04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4377815262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61741216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4713543433","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4811743277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5920592204","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61402367","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7284184339","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.61741216, 61402367","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8228154451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61741216, 61402367","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325367","display_name":"Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214845450.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214845450.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146244851","https://openalex.org/W188034648","https://openalex.org/W2104655005","https://openalex.org/W2149215908","https://openalex.org/W2155728227","https://openalex.org/W2809727329","https://openalex.org/W2889791335","https://openalex.org/W2890027394","https://openalex.org/W2906890170","https://openalex.org/W2944001547","https://openalex.org/W2944046640","https://openalex.org/W2946869648","https://openalex.org/W2947003210","https://openalex.org/W2962819974","https://openalex.org/W2963931528","https://openalex.org/W2968746919","https://openalex.org/W2969545733","https://openalex.org/W2987215725","https://openalex.org/W3008854687","https://openalex.org/W3029680783","https://openalex.org/W3044943040","https://openalex.org/W3046861256","https://openalex.org/W3085155544","https://openalex.org/W3104851129","https://openalex.org/W3127402307","https://openalex.org/W6775951742","https://openalex.org/W7005762652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2490834464","https://openalex.org/W2364805998","https://openalex.org/W2059321297","https://openalex.org/W2388928260","https://openalex.org/W3201780008","https://openalex.org/W3128856937","https://openalex.org/W163180659","https://openalex.org/W2363600212","https://openalex.org/W2364690902","https://openalex.org/W2093920688"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"3rd":[1],"generation":[2],"partnership":[3],"project":[4],"(3GPP)":[5],"has":[6],"been":[7],"enhancing":[8],"the":[9,12,28,32,38,41,45,80,84,88,93,97,102,113,116,120,126,134,137,140,154,157,164,179,184,188,192,200,207],"security":[10],"of":[11,31,40,44,54,83,187,191],"5G":[13,33,46,70,85,193,203],"AKA":[14,34,47,86,194,204],"(authentication":[15],"and":[16,65,101,129,136,139,174,196,212],"key":[17,66,95,111,130],"agreement)":[18],"protocol.":[19,35],"However,":[20],"there":[21],"may":[22],"still":[23],"be":[24],"some":[25],"shortcomings":[26,186],"in":[27,163],"latest":[29,42,81,189],"version":[30,43,82,190],"According":[36],"to":[37],"analysis":[39,176],"protocol,":[48,87,195],"this":[49],"paper":[50],"points":[51],"out":[52],"seven":[53],"its":[55],"shortcomings.":[56],"To":[57],"overcome":[58,183],"these":[59],"shortcomings,":[60],"an":[61],"improved":[62,202],"primary":[63],"authentication":[64,128,142],"agreement":[67],"protocol":[68,159,181,209],"for":[69,119,169],"networks":[71],"is":[72,75,106,124,147,160,197,210],"proposed,":[73],"which":[74],"named":[76],"5G-IPAKA.":[77],"Compared":[78],"with":[79,108,149],"main":[89],"improvements":[90],"include":[91],"that":[92,178],"pre-shared":[94,114],"between":[96,133],"user":[98],"equipment":[99],"(UE)":[100],"home":[103],"network":[104,122],"(HN)":[105],"replaced":[107,148],"a":[109,150],"derivation":[110],"as":[112],"key,":[115],"challenge-\u2013response":[117],"mechanism":[118,152],"serving":[121],"(SN)":[123],"added,":[125],"mutual":[127],"confirmation":[131],"occurs":[132],"UE":[135],"SN,":[138],"message":[141],"code":[143],"(MAC)":[144],"failure":[145],"procedure":[146],"timeout":[151],"on":[153],"HN.":[155],"Then,":[156],"5G-IPAKA":[158,180,208],"proven":[161],"secure":[162],"mixed":[165,170],"strand":[166],"space":[167],"model":[168],"protocols.":[171,205],"Further":[172],"discussion":[173],"comparative":[175],"show":[177],"can":[182],"above":[185],"better":[198],"than":[199],"recently":[201],"Additionally,":[206],"efficient":[211],"backward-compatible.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2022-03-05T00:00:00"}