{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210275742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13020061","title":"A Framework for Building Comprehensive Driver Profiles","display_name":"A Framework for Building Comprehensive Driver Profiles","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210275742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13020061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13020061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13020061","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/2/61/pdf?version=1643356278","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/2/61/pdf?version=1643356278","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044154037","display_name":"Rashmi P. Payyanadan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9619-3000"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rashmi P. Payyanadan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Touchstone Evaluations, Inc., Detroit, MI 48202, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Touchstone Evaluations, Inc., Detroit, MI 48202, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025657447","display_name":"Linda Angell","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda S. Angell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Touchstone Evaluations, Inc., Detroit, MI 48202, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Touchstone Evaluations, Inc., Detroit, MI 48202, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044154037"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.3965,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78065331,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"61","last_page":"61"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6386629343032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5855000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5068064332008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5054609775543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.4660680592060089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.46549686789512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.44213706254959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43643462657928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.43452316522598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.4332462549209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.42976588010787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39147478342056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36677712202072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09227636456489563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6386629343032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5855000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5068064332008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5054609775543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.4660680592060089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.46549686789512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.44213706254959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43643462657928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.43452316522598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.4332462549209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.42976588010787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39147478342056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36677712202072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09227636456489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13020061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13020061","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/2/61/pdf?version=1643356278","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9afb894469894d0c8ef615853bf1f730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9afb894469894d0c8ef615853bf1f730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 61 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/13/2/61/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13020061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 13; Issue 2; Pages: 61","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info13020061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info13020061","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/2/61/pdf?version=1643356278","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210275742.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210275742.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108957650","https://openalex.org/W245327045","https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W599441947","https://openalex.org/W611907404","https://openalex.org/W1912982817","https://openalex.org/W1931305913","https://openalex.org/W1965254048","https://openalex.org/W1970263933","https://openalex.org/W1985791000","https://openalex.org/W1988463193","https://openalex.org/W1991801742","https://openalex.org/W1994051540","https://openalex.org/W2016115589","https://openalex.org/W2016178380","https://openalex.org/W2037452814","https://openalex.org/W2047150210","https://openalex.org/W2050484631","https://openalex.org/W2052779929","https://openalex.org/W2068997453","https://openalex.org/W2094837528","https://openalex.org/W2110776215","https://openalex.org/W2127533049","https://openalex.org/W2135473147","https://openalex.org/W2140856490","https://openalex.org/W2141082857","https://openalex.org/W2158316159","https://openalex.org/W2160487939","https://openalex.org/W2166028065","https://openalex.org/W2169777238","https://openalex.org/W2284188655","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2374342147","https://openalex.org/W2376137146","https://openalex.org/W2509026302","https://openalex.org/W2605751614","https://openalex.org/W2762646486","https://openalex.org/W2770777013","https://openalex.org/W2883783597","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2973941913","https://openalex.org/W4237210482","https://openalex.org/W4243342770","https://openalex.org/W4294141750","https://openalex.org/W6604384968","https://openalex.org/W6610017368","https://openalex.org/W6631726738","https://openalex.org/W6667476453","https://openalex.org/W6683107673","https://openalex.org/W6746536517","https://openalex.org/W7009124231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026516036","https://openalex.org/W626940945","https://openalex.org/W375763875","https://openalex.org/W2040826996","https://openalex.org/W2111579573","https://openalex.org/W120748129","https://openalex.org/W2061344455","https://openalex.org/W2744235150","https://openalex.org/W796478898","https://openalex.org/W2029117867"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"approaches":[1],"to":[2,128,139,193,214,226,245,258],"modelling":[3,81],"driver":[4,11,68,166,172,197,265],"risk":[5,36],"have":[6],"incorporated":[7],"measures":[8],"such":[9,206],"as":[10,46,52,54,162,207,272],"gender,":[12],"age,":[13],"place":[14],"of":[15,59,104,115,126,204,219,229,235,262,274],"residence,":[16],"vehicle":[17],"model,":[18],"and":[19,57,71,86,110,134,137,152,169,185,217,221,237],"annual":[20],"miles":[21],"driven.":[22],"However,":[23,91],"in":[24,80,118,142],"the":[25,55,60,101,112,116,124,195,252,260,275],"last":[26],"decade,":[27],"research":[28],"has":[29],"shown":[30],"that":[31,66,160,267,278],"assessing":[32],"a":[33,148,163,186,246],"driver\u2019s":[34],"crash":[35,208],"based":[37,201],"on":[38,202],"these":[39],"variables":[40,131],"does":[41],"not":[42],"go":[43],"far":[44],"enough\u2014especially":[45],"advanced":[47],"technology":[48],"changes":[49],"today\u2019s":[50],"vehicles,":[51],"well":[53,271],"role":[56],"behavior":[58,167,266],"driver.":[61],"There":[62,121],"is":[63,122,191,243],"growing":[64],"recognition":[65],"actual":[67],"usage":[69],"patterns":[70,234],"driving":[72,119,236,248,256],"behavior,":[73],"when":[74],"it":[75],"can":[76,211,222,268,279],"be":[77,224,269,280],"properly":[78],"captured":[79],"risk,":[82,136,220],"offers":[83],"higher":[84],"accuracy":[85],"more":[87],"individually":[88],"tailored":[89],"projections.":[90],"several":[92],"challenges":[93,98],"make":[94],"this":[95],"difficult.":[96],"These":[97],"include":[99],"accessing":[100],"right":[102],"types":[103,228,261],"data,":[105,109],"dealing":[106],"with":[107],"high-dimensional":[108],"identifying":[111],"underlying":[113],"structure":[114],"variance":[117],"behavior.":[120],"also":[123,223],"challenge":[125],"how":[127,138],"identify":[129,227],"key":[130],"for":[132,155,165],"detecting":[133],"predicting":[135],"combine":[140],"them":[141],"predictive":[143],"algorithms.":[144],"This":[145],"paper":[146],"proposes":[147],"systematic":[149],"feature":[150,182,188,199],"extraction":[151,183],"selection":[153,189],"framework":[154,242],"building":[156,170],"Comprehensive":[157],"Driver":[158],"Profiles":[159],"serves":[161],"foundation":[164],"analysis":[168],"whole":[171],"profiles.":[173],"Features":[174],"are":[175],"extracted":[176],"from":[177,251,282],"raw":[178],"data":[179],"using":[180],"statistical":[181],"techniques,":[184],"hybrid":[187],"algorithm":[190],"used":[192,225],"select":[194],"best":[196],"profile":[198],"set":[200],"outcomes":[203],"interest":[205],"risk.":[209],"It":[210],"give":[212],"rise":[213],"individualized":[215],"detection":[216],"prediction":[218],"drivers":[230],"who":[231],"exhibit":[232],"similar":[233],"vehicle/technology":[238],"usage.":[239],"The":[240],"developed":[241],"applied":[244],"naturalistic":[247,255],"dataset\u2014NEST,":[249],"derived":[250,281],"larger":[253],"SHRP2":[254],"study":[257],"illustrate":[259],"information":[263],"about":[264],"harnessed\u2014as":[270],"some":[273],"important":[276],"applications":[277],"it.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2022-02-08T00:00:00"}