{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209669863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12110447","title":"Data-Driven Multi-Agent Vehicle Routing in a Congested City","display_name":"Data-Driven Multi-Agent Vehicle Routing in a Congested City","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209669863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12110447","mag":"3209669863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12110447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12110447","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/11/447/pdf?version=1635330574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/11/447/pdf?version=1635330574","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001307629","display_name":"Alex Solter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86897205","display_name":"Athabasca University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y3xgc52","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86897205"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Solter","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB T9S 3A3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB T9S 3A3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86897205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107988379","display_name":"Fuhua Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-5762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86897205","display_name":"Athabasca University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y3xgc52","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86897205"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fuhua Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB T9S 3A3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-5762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB T9S 3A3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86897205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101591234","display_name":"Dunwei Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9132-8153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86897205","display_name":"Athabasca University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y3xgc52","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86897205"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dunwei Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB T9S 3A3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9132-8153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB T9S 3A3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86897205"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055675863","display_name":"Xiaokang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-4679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171494771","display_name":"Shiga University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vvhy971","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171494771"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaokang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data Science, Shiga University, Kyoto 520-0002, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data Science, Shiga University, Kyoto 520-0002, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171494771"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107988379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86897205"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.7767,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79702799,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"11","first_page":"447","last_page":"447"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7246193289756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-congestion","display_name":"Traffic congestion","score":0.6936953067779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.6222912073135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5905239582061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5090265274047852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-data","display_name":"Real-time data","score":0.4485173225402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4462929666042328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-car-data","display_name":"Floating car data","score":0.4406163990497589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4324561357498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travel-time","display_name":"Travel time","score":0.4135567247867584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.34067025780677795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12581980228424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09068268537521362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7246193289756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.6936953067779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.6222912073135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5905239582061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5090265274047852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110593043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7300787","display_name":"Real-time data","level":2,"score":0.4485173225402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4462929666042328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64093975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356677","display_name":"Floating car data","level":3,"score":0.4406163990497589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4324561357498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985733770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233007","display_name":"Travel time","level":2,"score":0.4135567247867584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.34067025780677795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12581980228424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09068268537521362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12110447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12110447","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/11/447/pdf?version=1635330574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:84aa6aa6090e4686b97257d2ed8f96fe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/84aa6aa6090e4686b97257d2ed8f96fe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 12, Iss 11, p 447 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/12/11/447/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12110447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 12; Issue 11; Pages: 447","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12110447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12110447","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/11/447/pdf?version=1635330574","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209669863.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209669863.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969483458","https://openalex.org/W2029456721","https://openalex.org/W2050113781","https://openalex.org/W2054314161","https://openalex.org/W2109675920","https://openalex.org/W2119891250","https://openalex.org/W2160575156","https://openalex.org/W2168405694","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2175706438","https://openalex.org/W2226396244","https://openalex.org/W2235269566","https://openalex.org/W2325932209","https://openalex.org/W2379752266","https://openalex.org/W2479680810","https://openalex.org/W2488788787","https://openalex.org/W2506971862","https://openalex.org/W2761346731","https://openalex.org/W2948104136","https://openalex.org/W3025592571","https://openalex.org/W4206530644","https://openalex.org/W4243343087","https://openalex.org/W4252284432","https://openalex.org/W6685151083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2800312446","https://openalex.org/W2005409769","https://openalex.org/W4207028894","https://openalex.org/W599918656","https://openalex.org/W2945875309","https://openalex.org/W4386289889","https://openalex.org/W3117279048","https://openalex.org/W2898775471","https://openalex.org/W2569144486","https://openalex.org/W2127012233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Navigation":[0],"in":[1],"a":[2,10,14,44,63,102,134,142,154],"traffic":[3,66,113,156],"congested":[4],"city":[5],"can":[6,32],"prove":[7],"to":[8,19,28,42,50,83,92,121],"be":[9,20,40,90],"difficult":[11],"task.":[12],"Often":[13],"path":[15],"that":[16,47,87,138],"may":[17,39,89],"appear":[18],"the":[21,34,59,96,112,123],"fastest":[22,124],"option":[23],"is":[24,107],"much":[25],"slower":[26],"due":[27],"congestion.":[29],"If":[30],"we":[31],"predict":[33,95],"effects":[35,97],"of":[36,61,98],"congestion,":[37],"it":[38],"possible":[41],"develop":[43],"better":[45],"route":[46,103,125,145],"allows":[48],"us":[49],"reach":[51],"our":[52,131],"destination":[53],"more":[54],"quickly.":[55],"This":[56,105],"paper":[57],"studies":[58],"possibility":[60],"using":[62,133,152],"centralized":[64,155],"real-time":[65],"information":[67,114,157],"system":[68,115,158],"containing":[69],"travel":[70],"time":[71,146],"data":[72,79,116],"collected":[73],"from":[74],"each":[75],"road":[76],"user.":[77],"These":[78],"are":[80],"made":[81],"available":[82],"all":[84,148],"users,":[85],"such":[86],"they":[88],"able":[91],"learn":[93],"and":[94],"congestion":[99],"for":[100,147],"building":[101],"adaptively.":[104],"method":[106,132,140],"further":[108],"enhanced":[109],"by":[110],"combining":[111],"with":[117,126],"previous":[118],"routing":[119],"experiences":[120],"determine":[122],"less":[127],"exploration.":[128],"We":[129],"test":[130],"multi-agent":[135],"simulation,":[136],"demonstrating":[137],"this":[139],"produces":[141],"lower":[143],"total":[144],"vehicles":[149],"than":[150],"when":[151],"either":[153],"or":[159],"direct":[160],"experience":[161],"alone.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}