{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205954667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12100418","title":"Could a Conversational AI Identify Offensive Language?","display_name":"Could a Conversational AI Identify Offensive Language?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205954667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12100418","mag":"3205954667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12100418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12100418","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/10/418/pdf?version=1634731115","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/10/418/pdf?version=1634731115","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069198260","display_name":"Daniela Am\u00e9rica da Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1242-4834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniela America da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1242-4834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020506800","display_name":"Henrique Duarte Borges Louro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4785-2804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrique Duarte Borges Louro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4785-2804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013523163","display_name":"Gild\u00e1rcio Sousa Gon\u00e7alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0932-9171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gildarcio Sousa Goncalves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0932-9171","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030850691","display_name":"Johnny Marques","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-435X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johnny Cardoso Marques","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-435X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014821780","display_name":"Luiz Alberto Vieira Dias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5958-8011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luiz Alberto Vieira Dias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5958-8011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063426225","display_name":"Adilson Marques da Cunha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-5066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adilson Marques da Cunha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-5066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071121096","display_name":"Paulo Marcelo Tasinaffo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-8430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Marcelo Tasinaffo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-8430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Computer Engineering Program, Informatics, Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, ITA, Sao Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069198260"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.1703,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82883743,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"10","first_page":"418","last_page":"418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive","display_name":"Offensive","score":0.9809949398040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7377156019210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5812894105911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5627573728561401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5070126056671143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-identification","display_name":"Language identification","score":0.5003292560577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4514804780483246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-understanding","display_name":"Language understanding","score":0.4491425156593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4128264784812927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3515632152557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16945472359657288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08994612097740173}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.9809949398040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7377156019210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5812894105911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5627573728561401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5070126056671143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.5003292560577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4514804780483246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.4491425156593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4128264784812927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3515632152557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16945472359657288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08994612097740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12100418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12100418","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/10/418/pdf?version=1634731115","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4503d25d61b345b49007403edde78383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4503d25d61b345b49007403edde78383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 12, Iss 10, p 418 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/12/10/418/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12100418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 12; Issue 10; Pages: 418","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12100418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12100418","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/10/418/pdf?version=1634731115","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205954667.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205954667.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214443","https://openalex.org/W627140926","https://openalex.org/W2102861780","https://openalex.org/W2140910804","https://openalex.org/W2489406233","https://openalex.org/W2563852449","https://openalex.org/W2595653137","https://openalex.org/W2729412353","https://openalex.org/W2809878087","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2896252141","https://openalex.org/W2911227954","https://openalex.org/W2949965121","https://openalex.org/W2950339735","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2965366403","https://openalex.org/W2965749257","https://openalex.org/W2968677212","https://openalex.org/W2972735048","https://openalex.org/W3025137373","https://openalex.org/W3096851323","https://openalex.org/W3099877573","https://openalex.org/W3135012552","https://openalex.org/W3163078977","https://openalex.org/W3163715127","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3184144760","https://openalex.org/W4288617757","https://openalex.org/W6736575291","https://openalex.org/W6763859671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386566602","https://openalex.org/W3023322875","https://openalex.org/W4200241924","https://openalex.org/W2922580172","https://openalex.org/W3184118381","https://openalex.org/W3117005508","https://openalex.org/W4287064724","https://openalex.org/W3032261270","https://openalex.org/W2955586496","https://openalex.org/W4288413317"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"we":[3],"have":[4,31],"seen":[5],"a":[6,64,82,128],"wide":[7],"use":[8],"of":[9,28,84,88,121],"Artificial":[10],"Intelligence":[11],"(AI)":[12],"applications":[13,37],"in":[14,47,90,105,118],"the":[15,91,99,119],"Internet":[16],"and":[17,22,34,71,108,124],"everywhere.":[18],"Natural":[19],"Language":[20],"Processing":[21],"Machine":[23],"Learning":[24],"are":[25,41],"important":[26],"sub-fields":[27],"AI":[29,36,66],"that":[30],"made":[32],"Chatbots":[33],"Conversational":[35,65,129],"possible.":[38],"Those":[39],"algorithms":[40],"built":[42],"based":[43],"on":[44],"historical":[45,54,92],"data":[46,55],"order":[48],"to":[49,101,114],"create":[50],"language":[51,70,77,104,123],"models,":[52],"however":[53],"could":[56,67],"be":[57],"intrinsically":[58],"discriminatory.":[59],"This":[60],"article":[61],"investigates":[62],"whether":[63],"identify":[68],"offensive":[69,103,122],"it":[72,109],"will":[73,97,110],"show":[74],"how":[75],"large":[76],"models":[78],"often":[79],"produce":[80],"quite":[81],"bit":[83],"unethical":[85,125],"behavior":[86,126],"because":[87],"bias":[89],"data.":[93],"Our":[94],"low-level":[95],"proof-of-concept":[96],"present":[98],"challenges":[100],"detect":[102],"social":[106],"media":[107],"discuss":[111],"some":[112],"steps":[113],"propitiate":[115],"strong":[116],"results":[117],"detection":[120],"using":[127],"AI.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
