{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171283570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12080287","title":"The Latent Digital Divide and Its Drivers in E-Learning among Bangladeshi Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic","display_name":"The Latent Digital Divide and Its Drivers in E-Learning among Bangladeshi Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171283570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12080287","mag":"3171283570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12080287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12080287","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/8/287/pdf?version=1626854646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/8/287/pdf?version=1626854646","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068792912","display_name":"Md Badiuzzaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8951-681X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Badiuzzaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Arts Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Arts Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076139629","display_name":"Md. Rafiquzzaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-7773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307585291","display_name":"Khulna University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04y58d606","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307585291"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Rafiquzzaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering & Management, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-7773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering & Management, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307585291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090585499","display_name":"Md Insiat Islam Rabby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0431-6101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Insiat Islam Rabby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053966452","display_name":"Mohammad Mustaneer Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2687-0210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Mustaneer Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068792912"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.5401,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93209473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"8","first_page":"287","last_page":"287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9363999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9286999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-divide","display_name":"Digital divide","score":0.8063414096832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-and-communications-technology","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","score":0.5811303853988647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5481274127960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.5260018110275269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.49517980217933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-access","display_name":"Internet access","score":0.46401533484458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-learning","display_name":"Digital learning","score":0.43641021847724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-media","display_name":"Digital media","score":0.41714906692504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3894186317920685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.34998542070388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.34742555022239685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.32965195178985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.32938268780708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.3266749382019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.32386860251426697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3130972683429718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2303767204284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.20980042219161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.18289309740066528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.8063414096832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.5811303853988647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5481274127960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.5260018110275269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49517980217933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472399","display_name":"Internet access","level":3,"score":0.46401533484458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780468074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16628824","display_name":"Digital learning","level":2,"score":0.43641021847724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17632256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076968","display_name":"Digital media","level":2,"score":0.41714906692504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3894186317920685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.34998542070388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34742555022239685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.32965195178985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.32938268780708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.3266749382019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32386860251426697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3130972683429718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2303767204284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20980042219161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.18289309740066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12080287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12080287","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/8/287/pdf?version=1626854646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eea79909fff54545b0f01ba1af86dbf8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eea79909fff54545b0f01ba1af86dbf8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 12, Iss 8, p 287 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/12/8/287/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12080287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 12; Issue 8; Pages: 287","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.library.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_77414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_77414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401737","display_name":"UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","host_organization_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40053085"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information (Switzerland), 12, 8, 287","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12080287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12080287","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/8/287/pdf?version=1626854646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171283570.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536831375","https://openalex.org/W1963614397","https://openalex.org/W2040484355","https://openalex.org/W2063455908","https://openalex.org/W2099977142","https://openalex.org/W2126862566","https://openalex.org/W2149561697","https://openalex.org/W2206374440","https://openalex.org/W2477963718","https://openalex.org/W2578778661","https://openalex.org/W2892254122","https://openalex.org/W2895024029","https://openalex.org/W2994096645","https://openalex.org/W2995907103","https://openalex.org/W2999587647","https://openalex.org/W3001118548","https://openalex.org/W3015520400","https://openalex.org/W3035723241","https://openalex.org/W3040538711","https://openalex.org/W3043468179","https://openalex.org/W3046777423","https://openalex.org/W3049492078","https://openalex.org/W3094068096","https://openalex.org/W3096027991","https://openalex.org/W3129526177","https://openalex.org/W4235481163","https://openalex.org/W4253547367","https://openalex.org/W4302360654","https://openalex.org/W6630407626","https://openalex.org/W6642095395","https://openalex.org/W6678990589","https://openalex.org/W6771501261","https://openalex.org/W6771976006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2480504747","https://openalex.org/W1892542483","https://openalex.org/W2131350681","https://openalex.org/W2110089736","https://openalex.org/W2258066416","https://openalex.org/W1986694588","https://openalex.org/W4252473698","https://openalex.org/W2497363873","https://openalex.org/W3124099282","https://openalex.org/W1501206940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,113,218],"devastating":[1],"COVID-19":[2,58],"pandemic":[3,59],"forced":[4],"academia":[5],"to":[6,30,41,87,95,105,125,170,183,196,225,250,263,270],"go":[7],"virtual.":[8],"Educational":[9],"institutions":[10],"around":[11],"the":[12,20,23,43,51,57,73,78,83,110,118,143,153,174,178,184,204,227,231,243],"world":[13],"have":[14],"stressed":[15],"online":[16,46,61,133,161,273],"learning":[17,62,162,274],"programs":[18],"in":[19,160,203],"aftermath":[21],"of":[22,27,38,45,68,82,120,129,186,190,199,221,230,257],"pandemic.":[24],"However,":[25],"because":[26],"insufficient":[28],"access":[29,124,169,187],"Information":[31],"Communication":[32],"Technology":[33],"(ICT),":[34],"a":[35,90,214],"substantial":[36],"number":[37],"students":[39,67,121,130,166,269],"failed":[40],"harness":[42],"opportunity":[44],"learning.":[47],"This":[48,237],"study":[49,223],"explores":[50],"latent":[52],"digital":[53,74,180,206,215,232],"divide":[54,75,181,207,216,233],"exhibited":[55],"during":[56],"while":[60,146],"activities":[63],"are":[64],"emphasised":[65],"among":[66,234],"Bangladesh.":[69],"It":[70],"also":[71],"investigates":[72],"exposure":[76],"and":[77,173,188,248,254,260],"significant":[79,154],"underlying":[80,228,258],"drivers":[81],"divide.":[84],"In":[85,136],"order":[86],"accomplish":[88],"this,":[89],"cross-sectional":[91],"survey":[92],"was":[93],"employed":[94],"collect":[96],"quantitative":[97],"data,":[98],"mixed":[99],"with":[100],"open-ended":[101],"questions":[102],"were":[103],"utilised":[104],"gather":[106],"qualitative":[107],"information":[108],"from":[109,158],"student":[111],"community.":[112],"findings":[114],"revealed":[115],"that":[116],"despite":[117],"majority":[119],"having":[122],"physical":[123,168,200],"ICT,":[126],"only":[127],"32.5%":[128],"could":[131],"attend":[132],"classes":[134],"seamlessly.":[135],"total,":[137],"34.1%":[138],"reported":[139],"data":[140],"prices":[141],"as":[142,152],"critical":[144],"barrier,":[145],"39.8%":[147],"identified":[148],"poor":[149],"network":[150],"infrastructure":[151],"barrier":[155],"preventing":[156],"them":[157,212],"participating":[159],"activities.":[163,275],"Although":[164],"most":[165],"possess":[167],"various":[171],"devices":[172],"Internet,":[175],"they":[176,194],"face":[177],"first-level":[179],"due":[182],"quality":[185],"price":[189],"cellular":[191],"Internet.":[192],"Consequently,":[193],"fail":[195],"take":[197],"advantage":[198],"access,":[201],"resulting":[202],"third-level":[205],"(utility":[208],"gap),":[209],"which":[210],"submerges":[211],"into":[213],"cycle.":[217],"primary":[219],"objective":[220],"this":[222],"is":[224],"explore":[226],"issues":[229],"Bangladeshi":[235],"students.":[236],"will":[238],"assist":[239],"relevant":[240],"stakeholders":[241],"(e.g.,":[242],"Bangladesh":[244],"government,":[245],"educational":[246],"institutions,":[247],"researchers)":[249],"gain":[251],"necessary":[252],"insights":[253],"theoretical":[255],"understanding":[256],"limitations":[259],"emergent":[261],"directions":[262],"arrange":[264],"adequate":[265],"support":[266],"for":[267],"underprivileged":[268],"undertake":[271],"essential":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}