{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164083096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12060230","title":"Deep Hybrid Network for Land Cover Semantic Segmentation in High-Spatial Resolution Satellite Images","display_name":"Deep Hybrid Network for Land Cover Semantic Segmentation in High-Spatial Resolution Satellite Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164083096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12060230","mag":"3164083096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12060230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12060230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/6/230/pdf?version=1622172785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/6/230/pdf?version=1622172785","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084254025","display_name":"Sultan Daud Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-8441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sultan Daud Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-8441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044109053","display_name":"Louai Alarabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7746-3618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louai Alarabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24236, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7746-3618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24236, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063173948","display_name":"Saleh Basalamah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2276-8307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh Basalamah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24236, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2276-8307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24236, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084254025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":3.2362,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92435599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"230","last_page":"230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7452470064163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6562885642051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6562023162841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5461065769195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5440685749053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5192544460296631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.4965975880622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.45662155747413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4493905007839203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4443005919456482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.42262911796569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3356821537017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.2743741571903229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.23373094201087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.16895842552185059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14715248346328735}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7452470064163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6562885642051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6562023162841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5461065769195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5440685749053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5192544460296631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4965975880622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.45662155747413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4493905007839203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4443005919456482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.42262911796569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3356821537017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2743741571903229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.23373094201087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.16895842552185059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14715248346328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12060230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12060230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/6/230/pdf?version=1622172785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46958c5a9f884b5eb25155aa959c88c6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46958c5a9f884b5eb25155aa959c88c6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 12, Iss 6, p 230 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/12/6/230/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12060230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 12; Issue 6; Pages: 230","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info12060230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info12060230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/6/230/pdf?version=1622172785","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164083096.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164083096.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W377632744","https://openalex.org/W1545641654","https://openalex.org/W1566135517","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1989316905","https://openalex.org/W1996550590","https://openalex.org/W1999334096","https://openalex.org/W2024886466","https://openalex.org/W2049916020","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2331143823","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2419448466","https://openalex.org/W2464708700","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2557406251","https://openalex.org/W2559597482","https://openalex.org/W2563705555","https://openalex.org/W2585890928","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2630837129","https://openalex.org/W2705158815","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2788838181","https://openalex.org/W2798816912","https://openalex.org/W2799166040","https://openalex.org/W2799213142","https://openalex.org/W2800744393","https://openalex.org/W2802874670","https://openalex.org/W2804199516","https://openalex.org/W2805345403","https://openalex.org/W2806664182","https://openalex.org/W2807974043","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2892094971","https://openalex.org/W2892654670","https://openalex.org/W2894081147","https://openalex.org/W2896983355","https://openalex.org/W2899319425","https://openalex.org/W2905983018","https://openalex.org/W2920722944","https://openalex.org/W2921406441","https://openalex.org/W2922015078","https://openalex.org/W2922303764","https://openalex.org/W2949892913","https://openalex.org/W2951839332","https://openalex.org/W2952339589","https://openalex.org/W2952577426","https://openalex.org/W2962862396","https://openalex.org/W2963230283","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963591617","https://openalex.org/W2963722554","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964227007","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2971198903","https://openalex.org/W2987387797","https://openalex.org/W2996813073","https://openalex.org/W2998719976","https://openalex.org/W3009297390","https://openalex.org/W3022527331","https://openalex.org/W3032896144","https://openalex.org/W3034534947","https://openalex.org/W3044921708","https://openalex.org/W3048826305","https://openalex.org/W3103010481","https://openalex.org/W3134048019","https://openalex.org/W6684191040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2121910908","https://openalex.org/W915438175","https://openalex.org/W4230315250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"cover":[1],"semantic":[2,83],"segmentation":[3,84],"in":[4,13,30,72],"high-spatial":[5],"resolution":[6,63],"satellite":[7,47,55],"images":[8,48,56],"plays":[9],"a":[10,42,97,120,164,182,191],"vital":[11],"role":[12],"efficient":[14,81],"management":[15],"of":[16,45,106,123,129,138,144],"land":[17,124],"resources,":[18],"smart":[19],"agriculture,":[20],"yield":[21],"estimation":[22],"and":[23,39,64,90,112,148,185],"urban":[24],"planning.":[25],"With":[26],"the":[27,73,104,159,171,177],"recent":[28],"advancement":[29],"remote":[31],"sensing":[32],"technologies,":[33],"such":[34],"as":[35],"satellites,":[36],"drones,":[37],"UAVs,":[38],"airborne":[40],"vehicles,":[41],"large":[43],"number":[44],"high-resolution":[46,54],"are":[49,57,151],"readily":[50],"available.":[51],"However,":[52],"these":[53,78],"complex":[58],"due":[59],"to":[60,77,88,118,135,153],"increased":[61],"spatial":[62],"data":[65],"disruption":[66],"caused":[67],"by":[68,190],"different":[69],"factors":[70],"involved":[71],"acquisition":[74],"process.":[75],"Due":[76],"challenges,":[79],"an":[80],"land-cover":[82],"model":[85,101],"is":[86,115,131],"difficult":[87],"design":[89],"develop.":[91],"In":[92],"this":[93],"paper,":[94],"we":[95,174],"develop":[96],"hybrid":[98,161,179],"deep":[99,108],"learning":[100],"that":[102,176],"combines":[103],"benefits":[105],"two":[107],"models,":[109],"i.e.,":[110],"DenseNet":[111,134],"U-Net.":[113],"This":[114],"carried":[116],"out":[117],"obtain":[119],"pixel-wise":[121],"classification":[122],"cover.":[125],"The":[126],"contraction":[127],"path":[128],"U-Net":[130,145],"replaced":[132],"with":[133],"extract":[136],"features":[137],"multiple":[139],"scales,":[140],"while":[141],"long-range":[142],"connections":[143],"concatenate":[146],"encoder":[147],"decoder":[149],"paths":[150],"used":[152],"preserve":[154],"low-level":[155],"features.":[156],"We":[157],"evaluate":[158],"proposed":[160,178],"network":[162,180],"on":[163],"challenging,":[165],"publicly":[166],"available":[167],"benchmark":[168],"dataset.":[169],"From":[170],"experimental":[172],"results,":[173],"demonstrate":[175],"exhibits":[181],"state-of-the-art":[183],"performance":[184],"beats":[186],"other":[187],"existing":[188],"models":[189],"considerable":[192],"margin.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2021-06-07T00:00:00"}