{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3088061996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11100461","title":"Bots as Active News Promoters: A Digital Analysis of COVID-19 Tweets","display_name":"Bots as Active News Promoters: A Digital Analysis of COVID-19 Tweets","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3088061996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11100461","mag":"3088061996"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11100461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11100461","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/10/461/pdf?version=1601356579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/10/461/pdf?version=1601356579","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050245548","display_name":"Ahmed Al\u2010Rawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-1550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Al-Rawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-1550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013367739","display_name":"Vishal Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8725-6735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125133608","display_name":"Royal Bank of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/03hgnwx26","country_code":"CA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125133608"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vishal Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Scientist, Royal Bank of Canada, Toronto, ON M5J 2W7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8725-6735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Scientist, Royal Bank of Canada, Toronto, ON M5J 2W7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125133608"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050245548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":9.8352,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98030331,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"10","first_page":"461","last_page":"461"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.7188962697982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissemination","display_name":"Dissemination","score":0.7187306880950928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.717595100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mainstream","display_name":"Mainstream","score":0.7079352140426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.6620745658874512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.5906067490577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.5497555732727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.49820423126220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.4556787610054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4039057195186615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4026884436607361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39132100343704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.3714456558227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.35916459560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3011940121650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23252588510513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13569733500480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.10807526111602783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.7188962697982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101780184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840576","display_name":"Dissemination","level":2,"score":0.7187306880950928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.717595100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.7079352140426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6620745658874512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.5906067490577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5497555732727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.49820423126220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.4556787610054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4039057195186615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4026884436607361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39132100343704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.3714456558227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.35916459560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3011940121650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23252588510513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13569733500480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.10807526111602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11100461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11100461","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/10/461/pdf?version=1601356579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7c5d1b98c144df3a6e88a54b753b421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7c5d1b98c144df3a6e88a54b753b421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 11, Iss 10, p 461 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/11/10/461/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11100461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 11; Issue 10; Pages: 461","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:summit.sfu.ca:20768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://summit.sfu.ca/item/20768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400490","display_name":"Summit (Simon Fraser University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","host_organization_name":"Simon Fraser University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11100461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11100461","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/10/461/pdf?version=1601356579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3088061996.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W244646506","https://openalex.org/W1992306951","https://openalex.org/W2047975424","https://openalex.org/W2053574572","https://openalex.org/W2099813784","https://openalex.org/W2131681506","https://openalex.org/W2625555835","https://openalex.org/W2635153012","https://openalex.org/W2785834280","https://openalex.org/W2880354120","https://openalex.org/W2888047309","https://openalex.org/W2888571776","https://openalex.org/W2888960770","https://openalex.org/W2890411954","https://openalex.org/W2896794524","https://openalex.org/W2897138847","https://openalex.org/W2909699110","https://openalex.org/W2913709856","https://openalex.org/W2919293091","https://openalex.org/W2920018355","https://openalex.org/W2952995565","https://openalex.org/W2961908579","https://openalex.org/W2973893098","https://openalex.org/W2975920545","https://openalex.org/W2988552912","https://openalex.org/W2997474044","https://openalex.org/W3011186656","https://openalex.org/W3015089862","https://openalex.org/W3015218641","https://openalex.org/W3015998441","https://openalex.org/W3016455208","https://openalex.org/W3017421002","https://openalex.org/W3017885019","https://openalex.org/W3019597125","https://openalex.org/W3020349211","https://openalex.org/W3020571278","https://openalex.org/W3022711197","https://openalex.org/W3023645215","https://openalex.org/W3025636516","https://openalex.org/W3032372024","https://openalex.org/W3032981809","https://openalex.org/W3033211403","https://openalex.org/W3036302882","https://openalex.org/W3048613321","https://openalex.org/W3099768174","https://openalex.org/W3102114392","https://openalex.org/W6774810200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362412790","https://openalex.org/W4200329650","https://openalex.org/W3127156785","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W4205317059","https://openalex.org/W3005417802","https://openalex.org/W3084498529","https://openalex.org/W3171943759","https://openalex.org/W4226296940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"we":[3,31],"examined":[4],"the":[5,50,72,98,103,108,128],"activities":[6],"of":[7,26,52,74,85],"automated":[8],"social":[9],"media":[10,60],"accounts":[11],"or":[12,16],"bots":[13,54,87,95,119],"that":[14,49,83,120,130],"tweet":[15],"retweet":[17,56],"referencing":[18],"#COVID-19":[19],"and":[20,57,65,67,76,110,144],"#COVID19.":[21],"From":[22],"a":[23,33,117],"total":[24],"sample":[25],"over":[27],"50":[28],"million":[29],"tweets,":[30],"used":[32,139],"mixed":[34],"method":[35],"to":[36,105,127,135],"extract":[37],"more":[38],"than":[39],"185,000":[40],"messages":[41],"posted":[42],"by":[43,79,90,101,140],"127":[44],"bots.":[45],"Our":[46],"findings":[47],"show":[48],"majority":[51],"these":[53,86],"tweet,":[55],"mention":[58],"mainstream":[59],"outlets,":[61],"promote":[62],"health":[63,142],"protection":[64],"telemedicine,":[66],"disseminate":[68],"breaking":[69],"news":[70],"on":[71],"number":[73],"casualties":[75],"deaths":[77],"caused":[78],"COVID-19.":[80],"We":[81,114],"argue":[82],"some":[84,122],"are":[88],"motivated":[89],"financial":[91],"incentives,":[92],"while":[93],"other":[94],"actively":[96],"support":[97],"survivalist":[99],"movement":[100],"emphasizing":[102],"need":[104],"prepare":[106],"for":[107],"pandemic":[109],"learn":[111],"survival":[112],"skills.":[113],"only":[115],"found":[116],"few":[118],"showed":[121],"suspicious":[123],"activity":[124],"probably":[125],"due":[126],"fact":[129],"our":[131],"dataset":[132],"was":[133],"limited":[134],"two":[136],"hashtags":[137],"often":[138],"official":[141],"bodies":[143],"academic":[145],"communities.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2020-10-01T00:00:00"}
