{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3081886688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11090421","title":"Measurement of Text Similarity: A Survey","display_name":"Measurement of Text Similarity: A Survey","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3081886688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11090421","mag":"3081886688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11090421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11090421","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/9/421/pdf?version=1599108823","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/9/421/pdf?version=1599108823","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115695120","display_name":"Jiapeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1498-0305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiapeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077542599","display_name":"Yihong Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6048-2377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yihong Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077542599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":14.5548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":260,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9917666,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"9","first_page":"421","last_page":"421"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7330998778343201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.7300829887390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.67796790599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6272113919258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5936002731323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5497470498085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5293301343917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-processing","display_name":"Text processing","score":0.5108770728111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string-searching-algorithm","display_name":"String searching algorithm","score":0.5031844973564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string-metric","display_name":"String metric","score":0.46058860421180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explicit-semantic-analysis","display_name":"Explicit semantic analysis","score":0.4417969584465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-graph","display_name":"Text graph","score":0.4387194514274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-matching","display_name":"Pattern matching","score":0.3549751043319702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-mining","display_name":"Text mining","score":0.23510408401489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-computing","display_name":"Semantic computing","score":0.19891637563705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.16261062026023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-technology","display_name":"Semantic technology","score":0.13367807865142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1253962516784668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7330998778343201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.7300829887390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.67796790599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6272113919258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5936002731323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5497470498085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5293301343917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779500292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14802672","display_name":"Text processing","level":2,"score":0.5108770728111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7757238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374040","display_name":"String searching algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5031844973564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22820288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9050568","display_name":"String metric","level":4,"score":0.46058860421180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173862523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421270","display_name":"Explicit semantic analysis","level":5,"score":0.4417969584465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66945725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18388823","display_name":"Text graph","level":3,"score":0.4387194514274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68859911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503724","display_name":"Pattern matching","level":2,"score":0.3549751043319702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71472368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676880","display_name":"Text mining","level":2,"score":0.23510408401489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511149849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449051","display_name":"Semantic computing","level":3,"score":0.19891637563705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.16261062026023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6881194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449091","display_name":"Semantic technology","level":4,"score":0.13367807865142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1253962516784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11090421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11090421","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/9/421/pdf?version=1599108823","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8e82d406f37c4a86974a03634bafb374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8e82d406f37c4a86974a03634bafb374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 11, Iss 9, p 421 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/11/9/421/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11090421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information; Volume 11; Issue 9; Pages: 421","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11090421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11090421","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/9/421/pdf?version=1599108823","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3081886688.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W295894637","https://openalex.org/W1499864241","https://openalex.org/W1570212550","https://openalex.org/W1574901103","https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W1754581094","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1912497050","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1974671004","https://openalex.org/W1978394996","https://openalex.org/W1983578042","https://openalex.org/W1987869189","https://openalex.org/W1996118086","https://openalex.org/W1999395788","https://openalex.org/W2027506564","https://openalex.org/W2042980227","https://openalex.org/W2066792529","https://openalex.org/W2076705731","https://openalex.org/W2086234878","https://openalex.org/W2113307832","https://openalex.org/W2123402141","https://openalex.org/W2127795553","https://openalex.org/W2131744502","https://openalex.org/W2131876387","https://openalex.org/W2131904442","https://openalex.org/W2136189984","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2154359981","https://openalex.org/W2158997610","https://openalex.org/W2161443453","https://openalex.org/W2162130683","https://openalex.org/W2170245882","https://openalex.org/W2170738476","https://openalex.org/W2171313960","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251287417","https://openalex.org/W2251805974","https://openalex.org/W2265289447","https://openalex.org/W2286300105","https://openalex.org/W2293634267","https://openalex.org/W2523199059","https://openalex.org/W2556873163","https://openalex.org/W2786148476","https://openalex.org/W2798988488","https://openalex.org/W2905224888","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2937900489","https://openalex.org/W2938251438","https://openalex.org/W2946532448","https://openalex.org/W2948798935","https://openalex.org/W2949989304","https://openalex.org/W2950634454","https://openalex.org/W2953062473","https://openalex.org/W2953206750","https://openalex.org/W2962883855","https://openalex.org/W2963053846","https://openalex.org/W2963157366","https://openalex.org/W2963542740","https://openalex.org/W2972535098","https://openalex.org/W3000466056","https://openalex.org/W3100195825","https://openalex.org/W4206827264","https://openalex.org/W4210257598","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W4251326898","https://openalex.org/W4300958603","https://openalex.org/W6621906925","https://openalex.org/W6636915900","https://openalex.org/W6636975626","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6661223370","https://openalex.org/W6676931166","https://openalex.org/W6729835178","https://openalex.org/W6736685754"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2986277685","https://openalex.org/W2519145296","https://openalex.org/W2590193441","https://openalex.org/W2187092961","https://openalex.org/W2187002734","https://openalex.org/W2257399947","https://openalex.org/W2051764263","https://openalex.org/W2595827536","https://openalex.org/W2054173104","https://openalex.org/W3129054449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text":[0],"similarity":[1,37,56,78,124],"measurement":[2,57,79],"is":[3,81,107,125],"the":[4,33,40,61,66,76,120,129],"basis":[5],"of":[6,36,44,54,68,122],"natural":[7],"language":[8],"processing":[9],"tasks,":[10],"which":[11],"play":[12],"an":[13],"important":[14],"role":[15],"in":[16,128],"information":[17],"retrieval,":[18],"automatic":[19],"question":[20],"answering,":[21],"machine":[22],"translation,":[23],"dialogue":[24],"systems,":[25],"and":[26,42,59,74,88,102,116],"document":[27],"matching.":[28],"This":[29],"paper":[30],"systematically":[31],"combs":[32],"research":[34,73],"status":[35],"measurement,":[38],"analyzes":[39],"advantages":[41],"disadvantages":[43],"current":[45],"methods,":[46],"develops":[47],"a":[48],"more":[49],"comprehensive":[50],"classification":[51],"description":[52],"system":[53],"text":[55,77,86,89,92,105,123],"algorithms,":[58],"summarizes":[60],"future":[62],"development":[63,121],"direction.":[64],"With":[65],"aim":[67],"providing":[69],"reference":[70],"for":[71],"related":[72],"application,":[75],"method":[80],"described":[82],"by":[83],"two":[84],"aspects:":[85],"distance":[87,93],"representation.":[90,118],"The":[91],"can":[94],"be":[95],"divided":[96,108],"into":[97,109],"length":[98],"distance,":[99,101],"distribution":[100],"semantic":[103],"distance;":[104],"representation":[106],"string-based,":[110],"corpus-based,":[111],"single-semantic":[112],"text,":[113,115],"multi-semantic":[114],"graph-structure-based":[117],"Finally,":[119],"also":[126],"summarized":[127],"discussion":[130],"section.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}