{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3040562034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11070348","title":"An Empirical Study on the Evolution of Design Smells","display_name":"An Empirical Study on the Evolution of Design Smells","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3040562034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11070348","mag":"3040562034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11070348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11070348","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/7/348/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/7/348/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021224978","display_name":"Lerina Aversano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2436-6835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lerina Aversano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089816554","display_name":"Umberto Carpenito","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umberto Carpenito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024514136","display_name":"Martina Iammarino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8025-733X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina Iammarino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021224978"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.3923,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86532503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"7","first_page":"348","last_page":"348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.9211940765380859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.8745647668838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.8216565847396851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6036676168441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-design","display_name":"Software design","score":0.48117169737815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4477517604827881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4291662871837616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2788192629814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.2089855968952179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13653448224067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.07061046361923218}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.9211940765380859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.8745647668838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.8216565847396851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6036676168441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52913732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857102","display_name":"Software design","level":4,"score":0.48117169737815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4477517604827881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4291662871837616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2788192629814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.2089855968952179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13653448224067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.07061046361923218}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11070348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11070348","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/7/348/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6896908b5b044358b890f66dd8382bc6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6896908b5b044358b890f66dd8382bc6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 11, Iss 7, p 348 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/11/7/348/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11070348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11070348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11070348","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/7/348/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3040562034.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3040562034.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1852168316","https://openalex.org/W2005568930","https://openalex.org/W2014418158","https://openalex.org/W2071983648","https://openalex.org/W2089910927","https://openalex.org/W2097642092","https://openalex.org/W2100925270","https://openalex.org/W2105020735","https://openalex.org/W2105618101","https://openalex.org/W2108086273","https://openalex.org/W2151295763","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2159834252","https://openalex.org/W2400451373","https://openalex.org/W2402478911","https://openalex.org/W2593947001","https://openalex.org/W2715183888","https://openalex.org/W2742512005","https://openalex.org/W2795027827","https://openalex.org/W2806610047","https://openalex.org/W2884230692","https://openalex.org/W2898203964","https://openalex.org/W2941623273","https://openalex.org/W3021836553","https://openalex.org/W3022734214","https://openalex.org/W4234160275","https://openalex.org/W4241437391","https://openalex.org/W6660629145","https://openalex.org/W6683746142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2780981476","https://openalex.org/W2088986462","https://openalex.org/W3166181464","https://openalex.org/W2955607951","https://openalex.org/W2946499381","https://openalex.org/W2187939805","https://openalex.org/W125071098","https://openalex.org/W2517910349","https://openalex.org/W1967507788","https://openalex.org/W3153400467"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,84,121],"evolution":[1],"of":[2,15,28,35,42,61,77,86,88,102],"software":[3,79],"systems":[4],"often":[5],"leads":[6],"to":[7,12,47,115,134,176],"its":[8],"architectural":[9],"degradation":[10],"due":[11,114],"the":[13,19,33,40,57,74,100,103,106,110,143,164,177],"presence":[14,34,60],"design":[16,21,36,62,90,129],"problems.":[17,30],"In":[18,31,51],"literature,":[20],"smells":[22,37,63,108,130,139,154,162,171],"have":[23],"been":[24,65,71,94,119],"defined":[25],"as":[26],"indicators":[27],"such":[29],"particular,":[32],"could":[38],"indicate":[39,169],"use":[41],"constructs":[43],"that":[44,125,149,170],"are":[45,131,140,155,173],"harmful":[46],"system":[48],"maintenance":[49,111],"activities.":[50,179],"this":[52,158],"work,":[53],"an":[54],"investigation":[55],"on":[56],"nature":[58],"and":[59,99,109,157],"has":[64,70,93,118],"performed.":[66],"An":[67],"empirical":[68],"study":[69,123],"conducted":[72],"considering":[73],"complete":[75],"history":[76],"eight":[78],"systems,":[80],"commit":[81],"by":[82,128],"commit.":[83],"detection":[85],"instances":[87],"multiple":[89,138],"smell":[91],"types":[92],"performed":[95],"at":[96,163],"each":[97],"commit,":[98],"analysis":[101],"relationships":[104],"between":[105],"detected":[107,141],"activities,":[112,117],"specifically":[113],"refactoring":[116,178],"investigated.":[120],"proposed":[122],"evidenced":[124],"classes":[126],"affected":[127],"more":[132,161],"subject":[133],"change,":[135],"especially":[136],"when":[137],"in":[142,150],"same":[144,165],"classes.":[145],"Moreover,":[146],"it":[147],"emerged":[148],"some":[151],"cases":[152],"these":[153],"removed,":[156],"occurs":[159],"involving":[160],"time.":[166],"Finally,":[167],"results":[168],"removals":[172],"not":[174],"correlated":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}