{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035568327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11060318","title":"HMIC: Hierarchical Medical Image Classification, A Deep Learning Approach","display_name":"HMIC: Hierarchical Medical Image Classification, A Deep Learning Approach","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035568327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11060318","mag":"3035568327","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34367687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11060318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11060318","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/6/318/pdf?version=1593357615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/6/318/pdf?version=1593357615","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kamran Kowsari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6451-4786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799765794","display_name":"University of Virginia Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/00wn7d965","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799765794"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799798094","display_name":"UCLA Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01d88se56","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kamran Kowsari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","Office of Health Informatics and Analytics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA","Sensing Systems for Health Lab, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6451-4786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Health Informatics and Analytics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I2799798094"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensing Systems for Health Lab, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799765794"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rasoul Sali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-0735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rasoul Sali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-0735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lubaina Ehsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-2106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lubaina Ehsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-2106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"William Adorno","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Adorno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Asad Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118185606","display_name":"Aga Khan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gd0dm95","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118185606","https://openalex.org/I4210114929"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118185606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sean Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1150-6632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1150-6632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Beatrice Amadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33278361","display_name":"University of Zambia","ror":"https://ror.org/03gh19d69","country_code":"ZM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103172","display_name":"Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition group","ror":"https://ror.org/00qt5a094","country_code":"ZM","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103172"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice Amadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, 32379 Lusak, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, 32379 Lusak, Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33278361","https://openalex.org/I4210103172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Paul Kelly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-6448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33278361","display_name":"University of Zambia","ror":"https://ror.org/03gh19d69","country_code":"ZM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103172","display_name":"Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition group","ror":"https://ror.org/00qt5a094","country_code":"ZM","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103172"]}],"countries":["GB","ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Kelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK","Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, 32379 Lusak, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-6448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, 32379 Lusak, Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33278361","https://openalex.org/I4210103172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sana Syed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0954-0583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118185606","display_name":"Aga Khan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gd0dm95","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118185606","https://openalex.org/I4210114929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sana Syed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan","Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA","School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0954-0583","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118185606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Donald Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9140-2632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donald Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9140-2632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118185606","https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I2799765794","https://openalex.org/I2799798094","https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":767,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":827},"fwci":4.4235,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95348373,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"6","first_page":"318","last_page":"318"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.47920000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.47920000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.06279999762773514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11348","display_name":"Celiac Disease Research and Management","score":0.04050000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-image-annotation","display_name":"Automatic image annotation","score":0.38109999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6434999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199579030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2851778","display_name":"Automatic image annotation","level":4,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Digital image processing","level":4,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11060318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11060318","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/6/318/pdf?version=1593357615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34367687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34367687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information (Basel)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.07187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07187","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07187","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8e6262cd0f4041aa9f3286ca89cb7fb8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8e6262cd0f4041aa9f3286ca89cb7fb8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 11, Iss 6, p 318 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/11/6/318/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11060318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8346231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8346231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/67021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/67021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11060318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11060318","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/6/318/pdf?version=1593357615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3027883970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OPP1138727","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3146932506","display_name":"Queen Mary & Westfield College - to work with colleagues to identify and evaluate candidate biomarkers of environmental enteropathy, which causes growth failure in children in the ...","funder_award_id":"OPP1066118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4009817025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"367 SRM","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4144572773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OPP1138727; 367 SRM, OPP1144149; PK, OPP1066118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4934851719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K23 DK117061-01A1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8483542070","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K23 DK117061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8569205002","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OPP1144149","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310536","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035568327.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035568327.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159908397","https://openalex.org/W1523493493","https://openalex.org/W1572675333","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1773667642","https://openalex.org/W1920235975","https://openalex.org/W2011430131","https://openalex.org/W2042970394","https://openalex.org/W2044097773","https://openalex.org/W2049550573","https://openalex.org/W2057114171","https://openalex.org/W2063862666","https://openalex.org/W2065057152","https://openalex.org/W2100548379","https://openalex.org/W2114535528","https://openalex.org/W2126925189","https://openalex.org/W2135013230","https://openalex.org/W2136655611","https://openalex.org/W2166385931","https://openalex.org/W2168056522","https://openalex.org/W2273463019","https://openalex.org/W2302302587","https://openalex.org/W2325524608","https://openalex.org/W2343160907","https://openalex.org/W2484065175","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2739988913","https://openalex.org/W2759474451","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2772515592","https://openalex.org/W2795715081","https://openalex.org/W2892166671","https://openalex.org/W2897007327","https://openalex.org/W2911705691","https://openalex.org/W2917675508","https://openalex.org/W2937423263","https://openalex.org/W2979636545","https://openalex.org/W2980667651","https://openalex.org/W3005130116","https://openalex.org/W3024844147","https://openalex.org/W3138344945","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6729471031","https://openalex.org/W6910387809"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image":[0,78],"classification":[1,18,60,73,79],"is":[2,35,53,136],"central":[3],"to":[4,25,40,89],"the":[5,41,56,64,97,109,118,130],"big":[6],"data":[7],"revolution":[8],"in":[9,117],"medicine.":[10],"Improved":[11],"information":[12],"processing":[13],"methods":[14],"for":[15],"diagnosis":[16],"and":[17,125,144],"of":[19,43,85,96,108],"digital":[20],"medical":[21,58],"images":[22,112],"have":[23],"shown":[24],"be":[26],"successful":[27],"via":[28],"deep":[29,86],"learning":[30,87],"approaches.":[31],"As":[32],"this":[33],"field":[34],"explored,":[36],"there":[37],"are":[38],"limitations":[39],"performance":[42],"traditional":[44],"supervised":[45],"classifiers.":[46],"This":[47],"paper":[48],"outlines":[49],"an":[50],"approach":[51],"that":[52,62,113],"different":[54],"from":[55],"current":[57],"image":[59],"tasks":[61],"view":[63],"issue":[65],"as":[66],"multi-class":[67],"classification.":[68],"We":[69],"performed":[70],"a":[71],"hierarchical":[72],"using":[74],"our":[75,103],"Hierarchical":[76],"Medical":[77],"(HMIC)":[80],"approach.":[81],"HMIC":[82],"uses":[83],"stacks":[84],"models":[88],"give":[90],"particular":[91],"comprehension":[92],"at":[93],"each":[94],"level":[95,120],"clinical":[98],"picture":[99],"hierarchy.":[100],"For":[101,129],"testing":[102],"performance,":[104],"we":[105],"use":[106],"biopsy":[107],"small":[110],"bowel":[111],"contain":[114],"three":[115],"categories":[116],"parent":[119],"(Celiac":[121],"Disease,":[122],"Environmental":[123],"Enteropathy,":[124],"histologically":[126],"normal":[127],"controls).":[128],"child":[131],"level,":[132],"Celiac":[133],"Disease":[134],"Severity":[135],"classified":[137],"into":[138],"4":[139],"classes":[140],"(I,":[141],"IIIa,":[142],"IIIb,":[143],"IIIC).":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2020-06-19T00:00:00"}