{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013612618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11040183","title":"An Innovative Acoustic Rain Gauge Based on Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"An Innovative Acoustic Rain Gauge Based on Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013612618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11040183","mag":"3013612618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11040183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11040183","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/4/183/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/4/183/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026305840","display_name":"Roberta Avanzato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2160-1863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberta Avanzato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2160-1863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031831256","display_name":"Francesco Beritelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-7608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Beritelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-7608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031831256"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.1908,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9256139,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"183","last_page":"183"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.9470999836921692,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6803041696548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.6541723012924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.567202091217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5620255470275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.50340336561203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45138412714004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.43551650643348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28359711170196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13901197910308838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6803041696548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6541723012924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.567202091217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5620255470275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.50340336561203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45138412714004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43551650643348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28359711170196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13901197910308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11040183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11040183","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/4/183/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:32e1cebd131f46d7b276ef3a91f09220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/32e1cebd131f46d7b276ef3a91f09220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 11, Iss 4, p 183 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/11/4/183/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11040183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11040183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11040183","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/4/183/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013612618.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013612618.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W587676184","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W2060361675","https://openalex.org/W2082689158","https://openalex.org/W2140174555","https://openalex.org/W2146805743","https://openalex.org/W2174228052","https://openalex.org/W2508564180","https://openalex.org/W2529337537","https://openalex.org/W2561367187","https://openalex.org/W2675092809","https://openalex.org/W2744947934","https://openalex.org/W2758665125","https://openalex.org/W2787295584","https://openalex.org/W2804149334","https://openalex.org/W2805676489","https://openalex.org/W2911100770","https://openalex.org/W2915779693","https://openalex.org/W2993490909","https://openalex.org/W3209383001","https://openalex.org/W6631943919"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W4232725319"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0,23],"accurate":[1,24],"estimate":[2,25],"of":[3,17,33,37,82,129,158,167,184,191,208],"rainfall":[4,55,102,123],"levels":[5,56],"is":[6,195],"fundamental":[7],"in":[8],"numerous":[9,58],"application":[10,175],"scenarios:":[11],"weather":[12],"forecasting,":[13],"climate":[14],"models,":[15],"design":[16],"hydraulic":[18],"structures,":[19],"precision":[20,197],"agriculture,":[21,198],"etc.":[22],"becomes":[26],"essential":[27],"to":[28,31,45,49,70,122,152,162],"be":[29],"able":[30],"warn":[32],"the":[34,43,64,71,95,127,165,168,182,189,206],"imminent":[35],"occurrence":[36],"a":[38,119,192],"calamitous":[39],"event":[40,103],"and":[41,91,110,139],"reduce":[42],"risk":[44],"human":[46],"beings.":[47],"Unfortunately,":[48],"date,":[50],"traditional":[51],"techniques":[52],"for":[53,180],"estimating":[54],"present":[57],"critical":[59,100],"issues.":[60],"The":[61,142],"algorithm":[62,97],"applies":[63],"Convolution":[65],"Neural":[66],"Network":[67],"(CNN)":[68],"directly":[69],"audio":[72,186],"signal,":[73],"using":[74,88],"3":[75],"s":[76],"sliding":[77],"windows":[78],"with":[79,106],"an":[80,155,185],"offset":[81],"only":[83],"100":[84],"milliseconds.":[85],"Therefore,":[86],"by":[87,204],"low":[89,92,111],"cost":[90],"power":[93],"hardware,":[94],"proposed":[96],"allows":[98],"implementing":[99],"high":[101],"alerting":[104],"mechanisms":[105],"short":[107],"response":[108],"times":[109],"estimation":[112,124],"errors.":[113],"More":[114],"specifically,":[115],"this":[116],"paper":[117],"proposes":[118],"new":[120],"approach":[121],"based":[125],"on":[126,140,145],"classification":[128],"different":[130,137],"acoustic":[131],"timbres":[132],"that":[133],"rain":[134],"produces":[135],"at":[136],"intensities":[138],"CNN.":[141],"results":[143],"obtained":[144],"seven":[146],"classes":[147,170],"ranging":[148],"from":[149],"\u201cNo":[150],"rain\u201d":[151],"\u201cCloudburst\u201d":[153],"indicate":[154],"average":[156],"accuracy":[157],"75%,":[159],"which":[160,181],"rises":[161],"93%":[163],"if":[164],"misclassifications":[166],"adjacent":[169],"are":[171],"not":[172],"considered.":[173],"Some":[174],"contexts":[176],"concern":[177],"smart":[178],"cities":[179],"integration":[183],"sensor":[187],"inside":[188],"luminaire":[190],"street":[193],"lamp":[194],"foreseen,":[196],"as":[199,201],"well":[200],"highway":[202],"safety,":[203],"minimizing":[205],"risks":[207],"aquaplaning.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}