{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996885877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11010021","title":"A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation","display_name":"A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996885877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11010021","mag":"2996885877"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11010021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11010021","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/1/21/pdf?version=1577785544","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/1/21/pdf?version=1577785544","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064882097","display_name":"Vittorio Astarita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3673-9814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vittorio Astarita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064462828","display_name":"Vincenzo Pasquale Giofr\u00e8","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7746-0775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Pasquale Giofr\u00e8","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103132544","display_name":"Giovanni Mirabelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0043-4955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Mirabelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014422611","display_name":"Vittorio Solina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5585-3444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vittorio Solina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014422611"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":30.2591,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":175,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99636136,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"21","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10539","display_name":"Sustainable Supply Chain Management","score":0.9405999779701233,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8777132034301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.5912333130836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.5872206687927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5416872501373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.523788332939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.47025859355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.44736599922180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.4465131163597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4199764132499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.38629150390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3388582468032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.26112884283065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19379740953445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.09678319096565247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8777132034301758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.5912333130836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.5872206687927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5416872501373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.523788332939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47025859355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.44736599922180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4465131163597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4199764132499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.38629150390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3388582468032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26112884283065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19379740953445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.09678319096565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11010021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11010021","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/1/21/pdf?version=1577785544","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4b19f04644d2497bba75fa1a8215f91e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4b19f04644d2497bba75fa1a8215f91e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 11, Iss 1, p 21 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/11/1/21/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11010021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:196762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/196762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402478","display_name":"INFM-OAR (INFN Catania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","host_organization_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info11010021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info11010021","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/1/21/pdf?version=1577785544","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996885877.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996885877.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559136758","https://openalex.org/W1853977810","https://openalex.org/W1986960697","https://openalex.org/W1987401569","https://openalex.org/W2015605078","https://openalex.org/W2016758618","https://openalex.org/W2045214926","https://openalex.org/W2051381690","https://openalex.org/W2103153862","https://openalex.org/W2124356437","https://openalex.org/W2143635392","https://openalex.org/W2150220236","https://openalex.org/W2157136508","https://openalex.org/W2160904608","https://openalex.org/W2165139645","https://openalex.org/W2287941411","https://openalex.org/W2328470208","https://openalex.org/W2337933353","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2402551606","https://openalex.org/W2416848540","https://openalex.org/W2511580607","https://openalex.org/W2513577354","https://openalex.org/W2514994441","https://openalex.org/W2522259148","https://openalex.org/W2527800909","https://openalex.org/W2531564265","https://openalex.org/W2560122591","https://openalex.org/W2561905839","https://openalex.org/W2564679178","https://openalex.org/W2566758857","https://openalex.org/W2578476968","https://openalex.org/W2583031215","https://openalex.org/W2587667920","https://openalex.org/W2605157201","https://openalex.org/W2612994938","https://openalex.org/W2622621570","https://openalex.org/W2624098821","https://openalex.org/W2625569546","https://openalex.org/W2729546405","https://openalex.org/W2731079083","https://openalex.org/W2737252471","https://openalex.org/W2740090788","https://openalex.org/W2742329683","https://openalex.org/W2744478033","https://openalex.org/W2746553616","https://openalex.org/W2748549281","https://openalex.org/W2749247755","https://openalex.org/W2752263663","https://openalex.org/W2758039286","https://openalex.org/W2760605238","https://openalex.org/W2765837921","https://openalex.org/W2765928069","https://openalex.org/W2766800499","https://openalex.org/W2768224956","https://openalex.org/W2769227940","https://openalex.org/W2773929027","https://openalex.org/W2783535300","https://openalex.org/W2783936075","https://openalex.org/W2786151040","https://openalex.org/W2786393483","https://openalex.org/W2786955657","https://openalex.org/W2791939334","https://openalex.org/W2793333522","https://openalex.org/W2793423901","https://openalex.org/W2797591980","https://openalex.org/W2801726488","https://openalex.org/W2802453496","https://openalex.org/W2803002029","https://openalex.org/W2803109435","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2803836845","https://openalex.org/W2805552798","https://openalex.org/W2805930283","https://openalex.org/W2806407311","https://openalex.org/W2806885212","https://openalex.org/W2808522087","https://openalex.org/W2820243612","https://openalex.org/W2886094476","https://openalex.org/W2887912929","https://openalex.org/W2889009057","https://openalex.org/W2889947123","https://openalex.org/W2890986602","https://openalex.org/W2893316433","https://openalex.org/W2896934485","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2898069736","https://openalex.org/W2903383997","https://openalex.org/W2903429044","https://openalex.org/W2903781749","https://openalex.org/W2914487756","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W2996694569","https://openalex.org/W3121385022","https://openalex.org/W3121906616","https://openalex.org/W3122863433","https://openalex.org/W3123722958","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4255535209","https://openalex.org/W6728765890","https://openalex.org/W6732005782","https://openalex.org/W6738944136","https://openalex.org/W6742947867","https://openalex.org/W6755196581"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4289035754","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,24,39,47],"literature":[4],"review":[5],"about":[6],"the":[7,21,32,51,56,67,87,128,150,161],"application":[8],"of":[9,23,50,53,180],"blockchain-based":[10],"systems":[11],"in":[12,31,62,92,137,176],"transportation.":[13],"The":[14,81],"main":[15,29],"aim":[16],"was":[17,42,153],"to":[18,45,66],"identify,":[19],"through":[20],"implementation":[22],"multi-step":[25],"methodology:":[26],"current":[27],"research-trends,":[28],"gaps":[30],"literature,":[33],"and":[34,73,78,111,118],"possible":[35,102],"future":[36],"challenges.":[37],"First,":[38],"bibliometric":[40],"analysis":[41],"carried":[43],"out":[44],"obtain":[46],"broad":[48],"overview":[49],"topic":[52],"interest.":[54],"Subsequently,":[55],"most":[57,82],"influential":[58],"contributions":[59],"were":[60],"analysed":[61],"depth,":[63],"with":[64],"reference":[65],"following":[68],"two":[69],"areas:":[70],"supply":[71],"chain":[72],"logistics;":[74],"road":[75],"traffic":[76],"management":[77],"smart":[79,115],"cities.":[80],"important":[83],"result":[84],"is":[85,90,123],"that":[86,156],"blockchain":[88],"technology":[89,158],"still":[91,124],"an":[93],"early":[94],"stage,":[95],"but":[96,140],"appears":[97],"extremely":[98],"promising,":[99],"given":[100],"its":[101],"applications":[103],"within":[104,146],"multiple":[105],"fields,":[106],"such":[107],"as":[108],"food":[109,165],"track":[110],"trace,":[112],"regulatory":[113],"compliance,":[114],"vehicles\u2019":[116],"security,":[117],"supply-demand":[119],"matching.":[120],"Much":[121],"effort":[122],"necessary":[125],"for":[126,163],"reaching":[127],"maturation":[129],"stage":[130],"because":[131],"several":[132],"models":[133],"have":[134,143],"been":[135,144],"theorized":[136],"recent":[138],"years,":[139],"very":[141],"few":[142],"implemented":[145],"real":[147],"contexts.":[148],"Moreover,":[149],"link":[151],"blockchain-sustainability":[152],"explored,":[154],"showing":[155],"this":[157],"could":[159],"be":[160],"trigger":[162],"limiting":[164],"waste,":[166],"reducing":[167],"exhaust":[168],"gas":[169],"emissions,":[170],"favouring":[171],"correct":[172],"urban":[173],"development,":[174],"and,":[175],"general,":[177],"improving":[178],"quality":[179],"life.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-03-21T08:13:44.787528","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
