{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982376987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110335","title":"Studying Transaction Fees in the Bitcoin Blockchain with Probabilistic Logic Programming","display_name":"Studying Transaction Fees in the Bitcoin Blockchain with Probabilistic Logic Programming","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982376987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110335","mag":"2982376987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info10110335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110335","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/11/335/pdf?version=1572425600","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/11/335/pdf?version=1572425600","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025413673","display_name":"Damiano Azzolini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7133-2673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201324441","display_name":"University of Ferrara","ror":"https://ror.org/041zkgm14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Damiano Azzolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7133-2673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086909487","display_name":"Fabrizio Riguzzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1654-9703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201324441","display_name":"University of Ferrara","ror":"https://ror.org/041zkgm14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Riguzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1654-9703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028993591","display_name":"Evelina Lamma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-4292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201324441","display_name":"University of Ferrara","ror":"https://ror.org/041zkgm14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evelina Lamma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-4292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025413673"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":6.9163,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96999201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"11","first_page":"335","last_page":"335"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.944100022315979,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.7026864290237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6146942377090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.5614101886749268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5265094041824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4883286654949188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spamming","display_name":"Spamming","score":0.483194500207901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.48026204109191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4486543834209442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.4294102191925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.42673543095588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.4176279604434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.23357826471328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.17661336064338684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13144519925117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.11137834191322327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.10157209634780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09954935312271118}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.7026864290237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6146942377090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5614101886749268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5265094041824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4883286654949188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158955206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83058","display_name":"Spamming","level":3,"score":0.483194500207901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.48026204109191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4486543834209442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.4294102191925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42673543095588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.4176279604434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.23357826471328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.17661336064338684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13144519925117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.11137834191322327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.10157209634780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09954935312271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info10110335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110335","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/11/335/pdf?version=1572425600","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bc4111f7dbf2416dad22e1350524481d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bc4111f7dbf2416dad22e1350524481d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 10, Iss 11, p 335 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unife.it:11392/2410996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2410996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400369","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201324441","host_organization_name":"University of Ferrara","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/10/11/335/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10110335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sfera.unife.it:11392/2410996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/11/335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400369","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201324441","host_organization_name":"University of Ferrara","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info10110335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110335","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/11/335/pdf?version=1572425600","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2982376987.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2982376987.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114565888","https://openalex.org/W811924890","https://openalex.org/W893234787","https://openalex.org/W1175656452","https://openalex.org/W1426178689","https://openalex.org/W1514973146","https://openalex.org/W1593596963","https://openalex.org/W1856314200","https://openalex.org/W1948942933","https://openalex.org/W1968513265","https://openalex.org/W2084943080","https://openalex.org/W2127716901","https://openalex.org/W2160638522","https://openalex.org/W2170561649","https://openalex.org/W2277786785","https://openalex.org/W2283350629","https://openalex.org/W2418060149","https://openalex.org/W2523501056","https://openalex.org/W2527800909","https://openalex.org/W2535029869","https://openalex.org/W2544738360","https://openalex.org/W2546748672","https://openalex.org/W2562667804","https://openalex.org/W2606309900","https://openalex.org/W2694190980","https://openalex.org/W2740288336","https://openalex.org/W2766808405","https://openalex.org/W2770587351","https://openalex.org/W2775476012","https://openalex.org/W2784795089","https://openalex.org/W2799345028","https://openalex.org/W2890849264","https://openalex.org/W2893012186","https://openalex.org/W2898698210","https://openalex.org/W2907683311","https://openalex.org/W2912512065","https://openalex.org/W2962706536","https://openalex.org/W2985818695","https://openalex.org/W3123616627","https://openalex.org/W3123757527","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4249272295","https://openalex.org/W6628435889","https://openalex.org/W6631071761","https://openalex.org/W6640793386","https://openalex.org/W6649926610","https://openalex.org/W6685456218","https://openalex.org/W6688107613","https://openalex.org/W6727623923","https://openalex.org/W6736595725","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2957710009","https://openalex.org/W4224304430","https://openalex.org/W4285133732","https://openalex.org/W4237285437","https://openalex.org/W3115531728","https://openalex.org/W3124449833","https://openalex.org/W3124116034","https://openalex.org/W2913682208","https://openalex.org/W4205096204","https://openalex.org/W4226032731"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,108,131],"Bitcoin,":[1],"if":[2,154],"a":[3,9,25,39,122,129,136,162],"miner":[4,166],"is":[5,28,62,95],"able":[6],"to":[7,46,77,96,105,110,120,140,152],"solve":[8],"computationally":[10],"hard":[11],"problem":[12],"called":[13],"proof":[14],"of":[15,22,31,49,57,65,71,92,115,128,157],"work,":[16],"it":[17],"will":[18,160],"receive":[19],"an":[20,42,155],"amount":[21,43,114],"bitcoin":[23],"as":[24],"reward":[26,61,81,169],"which":[27],"the":[29,32,35,47,55,59,69,79,112,165,173],"sum":[30,70],"fees":[33,94,125,144,159],"for":[34],"transactions":[36,84],"included":[37],"in":[38],"block":[40,60],"plus":[41],"inversely":[44],"proportional":[45],"number":[48],"blocks":[50],"discovered":[51],"so":[52],"far.":[53],"At":[54],"moment":[56],"writing,":[58],"several":[63],"orders":[64],"magnitude":[66],"greater":[67],"than":[68],"transaction":[72,93],"fees.":[73,88],"Usually,":[74],"miners":[75],"try":[76],"collect":[78],"largest":[80],"by":[82,170],"including":[83],"associated":[85],"with":[86],"high":[87],"The":[89],"main":[90],"purpose":[91],"prevent":[97],"network":[98],"spamming.":[99],"However,":[100],"they":[101],"are":[102],"also":[103],"used":[104],"prioritize":[106],"transactions.":[107],"order":[109],"use":[111],"minimum":[113],"fees,":[116],"users":[117],"usually":[118],"have":[119],"find":[121],"compromise":[123],"between":[124],"and":[126,148,151],"urgency":[127],"transaction.":[130],"this":[132],"paper,":[133],"we":[134],"develop":[135],"probabilistic":[137],"logic":[138],"model":[139],"experimentally":[141],"analyze":[142],"how":[143],"affect":[145],"confirmation":[146],"time":[147],"miner\u2019s":[149],"revenue":[150],"predict":[153],"increase":[156],"average":[158],"generate":[161],"situation":[163],"when":[164],"gets":[167],"more":[168],"not":[171],"following":[172],"protocol.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2019-11-08T00:00:00"}
