{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941262352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10050157","title":"DGA CapsNet: 1D Application of Capsule Networks to DGA Detection","display_name":"DGA CapsNet: 1D Application of Capsule Networks to DGA Detection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941262352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10050157","mag":"2941262352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info10050157","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10050157","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/5/157/pdf?version=1556357267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/5/157/pdf?version=1556357267","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100727282","display_name":"Daniel S. Berman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-9578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802946424","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/029pp9z10","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel S. Berman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL1), Laurel, MD 20723, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL1), Laurel, MD 20723, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100727282"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802946424"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.0049,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9203583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"5","first_page":"157","last_page":"157"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7852849960327148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.704928994178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.69496089220047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6693901419639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6244693398475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6225086450576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5686908960342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4671470820903778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45893949270248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.41638338565826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10630816221237183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.0951077938079834}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7852849960327148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.704928994178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.69496089220047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6693901419639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6244693398475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6225086450576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5686908960342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4671470820903778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45893949270248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41638338565826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10630816221237183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0951077938079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info10050157","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10050157","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/5/157/pdf?version=1556357267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:870ff7bc0d7642299548b84a5b39e67f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/870ff7bc0d7642299548b84a5b39e67f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 10, Iss 5, p 157 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/10/5/157/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10050157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info10050157","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10050157","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/5/157/pdf?version=1556357267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941262352.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941262352.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113692204","https://openalex.org/W331198973","https://openalex.org/W1561983441","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1936750108","https://openalex.org/W1954903228","https://openalex.org/W1981294881","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2146729596","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2741113415","https://openalex.org/W2768793959","https://openalex.org/W2772269457","https://openalex.org/W2773270814","https://openalex.org/W2773671123","https://openalex.org/W2786906486","https://openalex.org/W2929803724","https://openalex.org/W2963703618","https://openalex.org/W2998704965","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6680532216","https://openalex.org/W6743446608","https://openalex.org/W6745751136"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Domain":[0],"generation":[1],"algorithms":[2],"(DGAs)":[3],"represent":[4],"a":[5,45,84,89],"class":[6],"of":[7,14,56,73],"malware":[8,25],"used":[9],"to":[10,18,31,47],"generate":[11],"large":[12],"numbers":[13],"new":[15],"domain":[16],"names":[17],"achieve":[19],"command-and-control":[20],"(C2)":[21],"communication":[22],"between":[23],"the":[24,54,78,100,108,112],"program":[26],"and":[27,61,88],"its":[28],"C2":[29],"server":[30],"avoid":[32],"detection":[33,75],"by":[34],"cybersecurity":[35],"measures.":[36],"Deep":[37],"learning":[38],"has":[39],"proven":[40],"successful":[41],"in":[42,77],"serving":[43],"as":[44,105,107],"mechanism":[46],"implement":[48],"real-time":[49],"DGA":[50,74],"detection,":[51],"specifically":[52],"through":[53],"use":[55],"recurrent":[57],"neural":[58,63],"networks":[59,64],"(RNNs)":[60],"convolutional":[62],"(CNNs).":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"compares":[68],"several":[69],"state-of-the-art":[70],"deep-learning":[71],"implementations":[72],"found":[76],"literature":[79],"with":[80],"two":[81],"novel":[82],"models:":[83],"deeper":[85],"CNN":[86],"model":[87,103,110],"one-dimensional":[90],"(1D)":[91],"Capsule":[92],"Networks":[93],"(CapsNet)":[94],"model.":[95],"The":[96],"comparison":[97],"shows":[98],"that":[99],"1D":[101],"CapsNet":[102],"performs":[104],"well":[106],"best-performing":[109],"from":[111],"literature.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}