{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2929479150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10040125","title":"An Improved Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Routing Energy Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"An Improved Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Routing Energy Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2929479150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10040125","mag":"2929479150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info10040125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10040125","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/4/125/pdf?version=1554456467","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/4/125/pdf?version=1554456467","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018431904","display_name":"Liquan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9499-1911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179060312","display_name":"Northeast Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zqaxa34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179060312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liquan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control &amp; Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education (Northeast Electric Power University), Jilin City 132012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control &amp; Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education (Northeast Electric Power University), Jilin City 132012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I179060312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035124018","display_name":"Qi Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4957-9610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179060312","display_name":"Northeast Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zqaxa34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179060312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun City Branch of China Mobile Group Jilin Company Limited, Changchun 130061, China","Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control &amp; Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education (Northeast Electric Power University), Jilin City 132012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun City Branch of China Mobile Group Jilin Company Limited, Changchun 130061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control &amp; Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education (Northeast Electric Power University), Jilin City 132012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I179060312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018431904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I179060312"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.6666,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85267202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"125","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6857929229736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.665546178817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.664655327796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6202503442764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.5694605708122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5108339786529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.48808395862579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-vector-protocol","display_name":"Path vector protocol","score":0.458998441696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-routing-protocol","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","score":0.4471839666366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zone-routing-protocol","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","score":0.4173704981803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4107581377029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36631298065185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.35011255741119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17051637172698975}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6857929229736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.665546178817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.664655327796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6202503442764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.5694605708122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5108339786529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.48808395862579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128917274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666535","display_name":"Path vector protocol","level":5,"score":0.458998441696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.4471839666366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.4173704981803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4107581377029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36631298065185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.35011255741119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17051637172698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/info10040125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10040125","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/4/125/pdf?version=1554456467","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a5be6a2770a54a8ba5319260d24832b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a5be6a2770a54a8ba5319260d24832b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information, Vol 10, Iss 4, p 125 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2078-2489/10/4/125/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10040125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/info10040125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info10040125","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/4/125/pdf?version=1554456467","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219776","display_name":"Information","issn_l":"2078-2489","issn":["2078-2489"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9200000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4873219283","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015235","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G600153832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61271115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2929479150.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2929479150.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493144892","https://openalex.org/W1601611995","https://openalex.org/W1713596769","https://openalex.org/W2131921604","https://openalex.org/W2145429687","https://openalex.org/W2254906538","https://openalex.org/W2278461007","https://openalex.org/W2464879176","https://openalex.org/W2532751500","https://openalex.org/W2563683425","https://openalex.org/W2574702524","https://openalex.org/W2734940509","https://openalex.org/W2744122971","https://openalex.org/W2771270710","https://openalex.org/W2802638358","https://openalex.org/W6637612742","https://openalex.org/W6679688854","https://openalex.org/W6691756214","https://openalex.org/W6719287799","https://openalex.org/W6730634042"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526204052","https://openalex.org/W2126842185","https://openalex.org/W2546592407","https://openalex.org/W2011277702","https://openalex.org/W2539045230","https://openalex.org/W2035900373","https://openalex.org/W2544170366","https://openalex.org/W2384003235","https://openalex.org/W2152443275","https://openalex.org/W1558357174"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,126],"the":[1,11,15,37,43,46,84,94,98,103,106,109,112,121,156,173],"Threshold-Sensitive":[2,64],"Stable":[3,65],"Election":[4,66],"Protocol,":[5],"sensors":[6],"are":[7],"randomly":[8],"deployed":[9],"in":[10,89],"region":[12],"without":[13],"considering":[14,102],"balanced":[16],"energy":[17,58,133],"consumption":[18,134],"of":[19,45,86,114],"nodes.":[20,125],"If":[21],"a":[22,29,77,152],"node":[23,78,91,107],"that":[24,147],"has":[25,138,150],"been":[26,139],"selected":[27,140],"as":[28],"cluster":[30,87,136],"head":[31],"is":[32],"located":[33],"far":[34],"away":[35],"from":[36,105],"base":[38,110],"station,":[39,111],"it":[40],"will":[41],"affect":[42],"efficiency":[44],"network":[47],"due":[48],"to":[49,82,108],"its":[50,117],"early":[51],"death.":[52],"This":[53],"paper":[54],"proposes":[55],"an":[56,128],"improved":[57],"efficient":[59],"routing":[60],"protocol":[61,67,96,159,164,170],"named":[62],"Improved":[63],"(ITSEP)":[68],"for":[69,135,172],"heterogeneous":[70,174],"wireless":[71,175],"sensor":[72,176],"networks.":[73],"Firstly,":[74],"we":[75],"use":[76],"state":[79],"transformation":[80],"mechanism":[81],"control":[83],"number":[85,113],"heads":[88,137],"high-density":[90],"areas.":[92],"Secondly,":[93],"proposed":[95],"improves":[97],"threshold":[99],"formula":[100],"by":[101],"distance":[104,123],"neighbor":[115],"nodes,":[116],"residual":[118],"energy,":[119],"and":[120,166],"average":[122],"between":[124],"addition,":[127],"optimal":[129],"route":[130],"with":[131],"minimum":[132],"throughout":[141],"data":[142],"transmission.":[143],"Simulation":[144],"results":[145],"show":[146],"this":[148],"algorithm":[149,171],"achieved":[151],"longer":[153],"lifetime":[154],"than":[155],"stable":[157,162,168],"election":[158,163,169],"algorithm,":[160,165],"modified":[161],"threshold-sensitive":[167],"network.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
