{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093121799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100605","title":"Is Crowdsourcing a Reliable Method for Mass Data Acquisition? The Case of COVID-19 Spread in Greece During Spring 2020","display_name":"Is Crowdsourcing a Reliable Method for Mass Data Acquisition? The Case of COVID-19 Spread in Greece During Spring 2020","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093121799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100605","mag":"3093121799"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9100605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100605","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/605/pdf?version=1603087703","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/605/pdf?version=1603087703","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019777246","display_name":"Varvara Antoniou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5099-0351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Varvara Antoniou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Natural Hazards\u2019 Management and Prevention, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece","Laboratory of Natural Hazards' Management and Prevention, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5099-0351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Natural Hazards\u2019 Management and Prevention, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Natural Hazards' Management and Prevention, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086672112","display_name":"Emmanuel Vassilakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1175-3628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Vassilakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Remote Sensing, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1175-3628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Remote Sensing, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071242182","display_name":"Maria Hatzaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5524-0576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Hatzaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Climatology and Atmospheric Environment, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5524-0576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Climatology and Atmospheric Environment, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019777246"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.5136,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90487121,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"10","first_page":"605","last_page":"605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.923545241355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6788924932479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.6614572405815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distance","display_name":"Social distance","score":0.572058916091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.563988983631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.49194857478141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeling","display_name":"Feeling","score":0.46816182136535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.41833555698394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.40069282054901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3926738500595093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2992551922798157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.2629815638065338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2423393726348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23808088898658752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1828090250492096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.13178646564483643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.12048196792602539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.923545241355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6788924932479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.6614572405815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.572058916091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.563988983631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.49194857478141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.46816182136535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.41833555698394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.40069282054901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3926738500595093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2992551922798157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2629815638065338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2423393726348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23808088898658752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1828090250492096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.13178646564483643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.12048196792602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9100605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100605","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/605/pdf?version=1603087703","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:64503e994d9f44bb8b9d89e407c99d43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/64503e994d9f44bb8b9d89e407c99d43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 9, Iss 10, p 605 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/9/10/605/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 9; Issue 10; Pages: 605","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9100605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100605","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/605/pdf?version=1603087703","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8910710947","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16599","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323149","funder_display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322565","display_name":"Stavros Niarchos Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0210rze73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323149","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093121799.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093121799.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566568243","https://openalex.org/W1586216651","https://openalex.org/W1594501461","https://openalex.org/W1967137980","https://openalex.org/W1976840258","https://openalex.org/W1994050137","https://openalex.org/W2020560234","https://openalex.org/W2022664803","https://openalex.org/W2075693754","https://openalex.org/W2090405478","https://openalex.org/W2104931818","https://openalex.org/W2117296864","https://openalex.org/W2127970560","https://openalex.org/W2131586477","https://openalex.org/W2170122838","https://openalex.org/W2170989440","https://openalex.org/W2538932618","https://openalex.org/W2550255590","https://openalex.org/W2809913966","https://openalex.org/W2980325615","https://openalex.org/W2994732021","https://openalex.org/W2997251222","https://openalex.org/W3009595332","https://openalex.org/W3014680059","https://openalex.org/W3020014849","https://openalex.org/W3031053929","https://openalex.org/W3033503930","https://openalex.org/W3033554510","https://openalex.org/W3034949062","https://openalex.org/W3036822477","https://openalex.org/W3038583962"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W3040745322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,46,114,184,197],"GIS-based":[3],"crowdsourcing":[4,160],"application":[5,100,153],"that":[6,98,145,155,162],"was":[7,43,69,96,101],"launched":[8],"soon":[9],"after":[10],"the":[11,22,51,80,89,92,99,105,128,148,181,190],"first":[12],"COVID-19":[13,30,63],"cases":[14],"had":[15,60],"been":[16],"recorded":[17],"in":[18,88],"Greece,":[19],"motivated":[20],"by":[21],"need":[23],"for":[24,200],"fast,":[25],"location-wise":[26],"data":[27],"acquisition":[28],"regarding":[29],"disease":[31,64],"spread":[32],"during":[33],"spring":[34],"2020,":[35],"due":[36],"to":[37,49,70,83,104,168,171,177],"limited":[38],"testing.":[39],"A":[40],"single":[41],"question":[42],"posted":[44],"through":[45],"web":[47],"App,":[48],"which":[50],"anonymous":[52],"participants":[53,122],"subjectively":[54],"answered":[55],"whether":[56],"or":[57],"not":[58],"they":[59],"experienced":[61],"any":[62,85],"symptoms.":[65],"Our":[66],"main":[67],"goal":[68],"locate":[71],"geographical":[72],"areas":[73],"with":[74,127,147],"increased":[75,135],"number":[76],"of":[77,91,121,137,150],"people":[78],"feeling":[79],"symptoms":[81,124],"and":[82,176,179],"determine":[84],"temporal":[86,141],"changes":[87],"statistics":[90],"survey":[93],"entries.":[94],"It":[95],"found":[97],"rapidly":[102],"disseminated":[103],"entire":[106],"Greek":[107],"territory":[108],"via":[109],"social":[110],"media,":[111],"having,":[112],"thus,":[113],"great":[115],"public":[116,182],"reception.":[117],"The":[118],"higher":[119],"percentages":[120],"experiencing":[123],"coincided":[125],"geographically":[126],"highly":[129],"populated":[130],"urban":[131],"areas,":[132],"having":[133],"also":[134],"numbers":[136],"confirmed":[138],"cases,":[139],"while":[140],"variations":[142],"were":[143],"detected":[144],"accorded":[146],"restrictions":[149],"activities.":[151],"This":[152],"demonstrates":[154],"health":[156],"systems":[157],"can":[158],"use":[159],"applications":[161],"assure":[163],"anonymity,":[164],"as":[165],"an":[166],"alternative":[167],"tracing":[169],"apps,":[170],"identify":[172],"possible":[173],"hot":[174],"spots":[175],"reach":[178],"warn":[180],"within":[183],"short":[185],"time":[186,192],"interval,":[187],"increasing":[188],"at":[189],"same":[191],"their":[193],"situational":[194],"awareness.":[195],"However,":[196],"continuous":[198],"reminder":[199],"participation":[201],"should":[202],"be":[203],"scheduled.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}