{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092450323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100597","title":"Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Volunteer Data Contribution Activities: A Case Study of eBird","display_name":"Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Volunteer Data Contribution Activities: A Case Study of eBird","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092450323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100597","mag":"3092450323"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9100597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/597/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/597/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036846196","display_name":"Guiming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-2138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guiming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and the Environment, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Denver, CO 80208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-2138","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and the Environment, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Denver, CO 80208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036846196"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1056},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1056},"fwci":3.8734,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93604651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"10","first_page":"597","last_page":"597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-science","display_name":"Citizen science","score":0.8491959571838379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volunteered-geographic-information","display_name":"Volunteered geographic information","score":0.7682077884674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5403381586074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.5264047980308533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5108405947685242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.47066959738731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.4397292733192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-contextual-awareness","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","score":0.42002636194229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-scales","display_name":"Temporal scales","score":0.4192889332771301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2958257794380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.2778938412666321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.24922892451286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.2348419725894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.15898913145065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.10829371213912964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197352329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093434","display_name":"Citizen science","level":2,"score":0.8491959571838379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57380593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933625","display_name":"Volunteered geographic information","level":2,"score":0.7682077884674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5403381586074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5264047980308533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5108405947685242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.47066959738731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.4397292733192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64754055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574053","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","level":2,"score":0.42002636194229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777489503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698936","display_name":"Temporal scales","level":2,"score":0.4192889332771301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2958257794380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2778938412666321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.24922892451286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2348419725894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15898913145065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10829371213912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9100597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/597/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:00c9a1e1c79842b9bf8a34e45d808b6c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/00c9a1e1c79842b9bf8a34e45d808b6c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 9, Iss 10, p 597 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9100597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/10/597/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092450323.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092450323.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W285374334","https://openalex.org/W1581541037","https://openalex.org/W1779768347","https://openalex.org/W1984434323","https://openalex.org/W1989750313","https://openalex.org/W1992154601","https://openalex.org/W1993502890","https://openalex.org/W1994364259","https://openalex.org/W2006627953","https://openalex.org/W2012327117","https://openalex.org/W2025160127","https://openalex.org/W2031471588","https://openalex.org/W2033686454","https://openalex.org/W2042831537","https://openalex.org/W2044193467","https://openalex.org/W2085154695","https://openalex.org/W2093393699","https://openalex.org/W2098485216","https://openalex.org/W2101612055","https://openalex.org/W2106565253","https://openalex.org/W2124816224","https://openalex.org/W2137133843","https://openalex.org/W2139416101","https://openalex.org/W2208484583","https://openalex.org/W2279238628","https://openalex.org/W2282616409","https://openalex.org/W2366340722","https://openalex.org/W2404141049","https://openalex.org/W2511344124","https://openalex.org/W2514181155","https://openalex.org/W2516371674","https://openalex.org/W2520472678","https://openalex.org/W2549412929","https://openalex.org/W2625032175","https://openalex.org/W2735305982","https://openalex.org/W2777842083","https://openalex.org/W2800520279","https://openalex.org/W2800912614","https://openalex.org/W2804520636","https://openalex.org/W2884725175","https://openalex.org/W2943903733","https://openalex.org/W2946749442","https://openalex.org/W2966286151","https://openalex.org/W2981745164","https://openalex.org/W3009615301","https://openalex.org/W3105320548","https://openalex.org/W6687464726","https://openalex.org/W6703003697"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2733029865","https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W1520152422","https://openalex.org/W2555391182","https://openalex.org/W2779614303","https://openalex.org/W194327752","https://openalex.org/W2301056841","https://openalex.org/W2023448063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Volunteered":[0],"geographic":[1,14],"information":[2],"(VGI)":[3],"has":[4],"great":[5],"potential":[6,20],"to":[7,97,184,187],"reveal":[8],"spatial":[9,55],"and":[10,56,73,124,137,153,158,178],"temporal":[11,57,177],"dynamics":[12],"of":[13,19,27,63,82,103,151,155,162,164,172],"phenomena.":[15],"However,":[16],"a":[17,49],"variety":[18],"biases":[21,191],"in":[22,37,59,71,80,95,100,169],"VGI":[23,165,200],"are":[24,69,78,109,128,146],"recognized,":[25],"many":[26],"which":[28],"root":[29],"from":[30,199],"volunteer":[31,38],"data":[32,39,60,140],"contribution":[33,40,61],"activities.":[34],"Examining":[35],"patterns":[36,58],"activities":[41,62],"helps":[42],"understand":[43],"the":[44,89,104,131,149,170,190],"biases.":[45,180],"Using":[46],"eBird":[47,64,66,121,152],"as":[48],"case":[50],"study,":[51],"this":[52],"study":[53],"investigates":[54],"contributors.":[65],"sampling":[67,76,117,122],"efforts":[68,77,118,123],"biased":[70,112],"space":[72],"time.":[74],"Most":[75],"concentrated":[79],"areas":[81,93,114],"denser":[83],"populations":[84],"and/or":[85],"better":[86],"accessibility,":[87],"with":[88,133],"most":[90],"intensively":[91],"sampled":[92],"being":[94],"proximity":[96],"big":[98],"cities":[99],"developed":[101],"regions":[102],"world.":[105],"Reported":[106],"bird":[107,126,156],"species":[108,127,157],"also":[110],"spatially":[111],"towards":[113],"where":[115],"more":[116,139],"occur.":[119],"Temporally,":[120],"reported":[125,141],"increasing":[129],"over":[130],"years,":[132],"significant":[134],"monthly":[135],"fluctuations":[136],"notably":[138],"on":[142],"weekends.":[143],"Such":[144],"trends":[145],"driven":[147],"by":[148,174],"expansion":[150],"characteristics":[154],"observers.":[159],"The":[160],"fitness":[161],"use":[163],"should":[166],"be":[167,185,197],"assessed":[168],"context":[171],"applications":[173],"examining":[175],"spatial,":[176],"other":[179],"Action":[181],"may":[182],"need":[183],"taken":[186],"account":[188],"for":[189],"so":[192],"that":[193],"robust":[194],"inferences":[195],"can":[196],"made":[198],"observations.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}