{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3081605026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090531","title":"Understanding Completeness and Diversity Patterns of OSM-Based Land-Use and Land-Cover Dataset in China","display_name":"Understanding Completeness and Diversity Patterns of OSM-Based Land-Use and Land-Cover Dataset in China","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3081605026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090531","mag":"3081605026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9090531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/9/531/pdf?version=1599194158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/9/531/pdf?version=1599194158","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023303977","display_name":"ShuZhu Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ShuZhu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061584234","display_name":"Qi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-1820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-1820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102319416","display_name":"YuanJian Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YuanJian Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061584234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":10.1074,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98083038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"9","first_page":"531","last_page":"531"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/completeness","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","score":0.7331260442733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6459432244300842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.6423665285110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.6125672459602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.5386457443237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","score":0.5057206153869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.48498058319091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.442328542470932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4340496361255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34798163175582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1399526298046112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.12251505255699158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.1039474606513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.07315710186958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.06417405605316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.057907819747924805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17231256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156540","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.7331260442733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6459432244300842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6423665285110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6125672459602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5386457443237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.5057206153869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.48498058319091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.442328542470932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4340496361255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34798163175582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1399526298046112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.12251505255699158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1039474606513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07315710186958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.06417405605316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.057907819747924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9090531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/9/531/pdf?version=1599194158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7c87b7a236ac4428bedc96cd1524afa5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7c87b7a236ac4428bedc96cd1524afa5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 9, Iss 9, p 531 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/9/9/531/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 9; Issue 9; Pages: 531","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9090531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/9/531/pdf?version=1599194158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5180530437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5765994552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CUGESIW1801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328899","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3081605026.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3081605026.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74407261","https://openalex.org/W1538477035","https://openalex.org/W1581541037","https://openalex.org/W1776314870","https://openalex.org/W1785314841","https://openalex.org/W1841544143","https://openalex.org/W1972631516","https://openalex.org/W1973472905","https://openalex.org/W1993918804","https://openalex.org/W2003425021","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2019459432","https://openalex.org/W2023865077","https://openalex.org/W2043858294","https://openalex.org/W2063935068","https://openalex.org/W2083822273","https://openalex.org/W2085297326","https://openalex.org/W2131364892","https://openalex.org/W2139961816","https://openalex.org/W2208484583","https://openalex.org/W2238226741","https://openalex.org/W2256456552","https://openalex.org/W2338697662","https://openalex.org/W2549412929","https://openalex.org/W2560784481","https://openalex.org/W2625380067","https://openalex.org/W2743860013","https://openalex.org/W2745627344","https://openalex.org/W2762186317","https://openalex.org/W2766150241","https://openalex.org/W2766477812","https://openalex.org/W2780071737","https://openalex.org/W2798949579","https://openalex.org/W2801512640","https://openalex.org/W2899238446","https://openalex.org/W2910964859","https://openalex.org/W2914055404","https://openalex.org/W2917519025","https://openalex.org/W2919383237","https://openalex.org/W2978881460","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W6648536758","https://openalex.org/W6655520777","https://openalex.org/W6661334486","https://openalex.org/W6742614068"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237277701","https://openalex.org/W3148130686","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W3192667092","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OpenStreetMap":[0],"(OSM)":[1],"data":[2],"are":[3],"considered":[4],"essential":[5],"for":[6,26,38,164,218],"land-use":[7],"and":[8,41,71,90,100,106,155,181,191,238],"land-cover":[9],"(LULC)":[10],"mapping":[11],"despite":[12],"their":[13],"lack":[14,144],"of":[15,51,67,84,110,114,135,145,152,158,178,185,223],"quality.":[16],"Most":[17],"relevant":[18],"studies":[19],"have":[20],"employed":[21],"an":[22,47,80,201,224],"LULC":[23,54,61,82,147,203,226],"reference":[24,32,60],"dataset":[25,33,55,83],"quality":[27,49,222],"assessment,":[28],"but":[29],"such":[30],"a":[31,59,143,175,216],"is":[34,174,210],"not":[35,138],"freely":[36],"available":[37],"most":[39,132],"countries":[40,237],"regions.":[42,239],"Thus,":[43],"this":[44],"study":[45,78],"conducts":[46],"intrinsic":[48],"assessment":[50],"the":[52,65,77,85,115,120,124,156,171,182,189,192,221],"OSM-based":[53,81,202,225],"(i.e.,":[56],"without":[57],"using":[58,93],"dataset)":[62],"by":[63,92],"examining":[64],"patterns":[66,102,166,184,194],"both":[68],"its":[69,98],"completeness":[70,99,168,190],"diversity.":[72],"With":[73],"China":[74,136],"chosen":[75],"as":[76,128,130,215],"area,":[79],"country":[86],"was":[87,127],"first":[88],"generated":[89],"validated":[91],"various":[94],"accuracy":[95,126],"measures.":[96],"Both":[97,188],"diversity":[101,165,172,193,214],"were":[103,137,162],"then":[104],"mapped":[105,139],"analyzed":[107],"in":[108],"terms":[109,151],"each":[111],"prefecture-level":[112],"division":[113],"country.":[116],"The":[117],"results":[118,206],"showed":[119],"following:":[121],"(1)":[122],"While":[123],"overall":[125],"high":[129],"82.2%,":[131],"complete":[133],"regions":[134],"well":[140],"owing":[141],"to":[142,198,212,235],"diverse":[146],"classes.":[148],"(2)":[149],"In":[150],"socioeconomic":[153,179],"factors":[154,180],"number":[157],"contributors,":[159],"higher":[160],"correlations":[161],"noted":[163],"than":[167],"patterns;":[169],"thus,":[170],"pattern":[173],"better":[176,199],"reflection":[177],"spatial":[183],"contributors.":[186],"(3)":[187],"can":[195,231],"be":[196,233],"combined":[197],"understand":[200],"dataset.":[204,227],"These":[205],"indicate":[207],"that":[208],"it":[209],"useful":[211],"consider":[213],"supplement":[217],"intrinsically":[219],"assessing":[220],"This":[228],"analytical":[229],"method":[230],"also":[232],"applied":[234],"other":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2020-09-08T00:00:00"}
