{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082525835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090528","title":"Utilizing Airborne LiDAR and UAV Photogrammetry Techniques in Local Geoid Model Determination and Validation","display_name":"Utilizing Airborne LiDAR and UAV Photogrammetry Techniques in Local Geoid Model Determination and Validation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082525835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090528","mag":"3082525835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9090528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090528","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072787879","display_name":"Serdar Erol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7100-8267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Serdar Erol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomatics Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7100-8267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082485647","display_name":"Emrah \u00d6z\u00f6gel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emrah \u00d6z\u00f6gel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomatics Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081873909","display_name":"Ramazan Alper Ku\u00e7ak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramazan Alper Ku\u00e7ak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomatics Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1128-1552","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028600811","display_name":"Bihter Erol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-788X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bihter Erol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomatics Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-788X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomatics Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072787879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.1555,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75426064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"9","first_page":"528","last_page":"528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12983","display_name":"Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geoid","display_name":"Geoid","score":0.9768604636192322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.7809487581253052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetic-datum","display_name":"Geodetic datum","score":0.7513737082481384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undulation-of-the-geoid","display_name":"Undulation of the geoid","score":0.6976406574249268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.6717365980148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6225019097328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5916909575462341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5880202651023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5591936707496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.4713532328605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.4608042240142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.41082483530044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.3942027688026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3305731415748596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2240276038646698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.1565132737159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.11106133460998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.09417125582695007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measured-depth","display_name":"Measured depth","score":0.07102501392364502}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80989030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185969","display_name":"Geoid","level":3,"score":0.9768604636192322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.7809487581253052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.7513737082481384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180966878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185969","display_name":"Undulation of the geoid","level":4,"score":0.6976406574249268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.6717365980148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6225019097328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5916909575462341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5880202651023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5591936707496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.4713532328605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.4608042240142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.41082483530044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3942027688026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3305731415748596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2240276038646698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.1565132737159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.11106133460998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.09417125582695007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113346285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804193","display_name":"Measured depth","level":2,"score":0.07102501392364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9090528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0d54218958c4ba0a7fead146bee3127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f0d54218958c4ba0a7fead146bee3127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 9, Iss 9, p 528 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/9/9/528/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 9; Issue 9; Pages: 528","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:polen.itu.edu.tr:11527/50049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11527/50049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400460","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University Academic Open Archive (Istanbul Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","host_organization_name":"Istanbul Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9090528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591821005","https://openalex.org/W1042830347","https://openalex.org/W1530454118","https://openalex.org/W1535091890","https://openalex.org/W1560034004","https://openalex.org/W2027254180","https://openalex.org/W2027781877","https://openalex.org/W2034392969","https://openalex.org/W2051863116","https://openalex.org/W2053987409","https://openalex.org/W2068959477","https://openalex.org/W2071533815","https://openalex.org/W2075874225","https://openalex.org/W2092924074","https://openalex.org/W2097631297","https://openalex.org/W2104977717","https://openalex.org/W2108762527","https://openalex.org/W2131162157","https://openalex.org/W2157434366","https://openalex.org/W2189595940","https://openalex.org/W2225030682","https://openalex.org/W2244903515","https://openalex.org/W2276594354","https://openalex.org/W2323851595","https://openalex.org/W2497341279","https://openalex.org/W2501278477","https://openalex.org/W2520967929","https://openalex.org/W2525202032","https://openalex.org/W2527252489","https://openalex.org/W2563325738","https://openalex.org/W2572696731","https://openalex.org/W2586447256","https://openalex.org/W2605544900","https://openalex.org/W2770409183","https://openalex.org/W2916569282","https://openalex.org/W2979138748","https://openalex.org/W2991966985","https://openalex.org/W3003380561","https://openalex.org/W3006200178","https://openalex.org/W3014590516","https://openalex.org/W3022998786","https://openalex.org/W3093655509","https://openalex.org/W4206707890","https://openalex.org/W4238767840","https://openalex.org/W4255340434","https://openalex.org/W6658825147","https://openalex.org/W6679469802","https://openalex.org/W6694883531","https://openalex.org/W6726986071","https://openalex.org/W7014847357"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044057455","https://openalex.org/W2112449635","https://openalex.org/W2038967861","https://openalex.org/W3144897331","https://openalex.org/W2982168663","https://openalex.org/W43096987","https://openalex.org/W2991334871","https://openalex.org/W2080245425","https://openalex.org/W49361980","https://openalex.org/W2351257852"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"investigation":[1],"evaluates":[2],"the":[3,26,38,61,64,71,82,85,97,102,116,120,148,157,165,175,191,201],"performance":[4,196],"of":[5,30,73,81,101,122],"digital":[6],"terrain":[7],"models":[8,106,151,163],"(DTMs)":[9],"generated":[10,138,158],"in":[11,60,115,119,139,164],"different":[12],"vertical":[13,143],"datums":[14],"by":[15],"aerial":[16,20],"LiDAR":[17,128],"and":[18,28,99,129,141,167,172,181,199],"unmanned":[19],"vehicle":[21],"(UAV)":[22],"photogrammetry":[23],"techniques,":[24],"for":[25,96,197],"determination":[27,98],"validation":[29,100],"local":[31,55,103,149,161],"geoid":[32,56,104,150,162,178,185,202],"models.":[33],"Many":[34],"engineering":[35],"projects":[36],"require":[37],"point":[39,134],"heights":[40,66,80,203],"referring":[41],"to":[42],"a":[43,53,93,182],"physical":[44,65],"surface,":[45],"i.e.,":[46],"geoid,":[47],"rather":[48],"than":[49],"an":[50],"ellipsoid.":[51],"When":[52],"high-accuracy":[54],"model":[57,179,186],"is":[58],"available":[59],"study":[62,91],"area,":[63],"are":[67],"practically":[68],"obtained":[69],"with":[70,174,204],"transformation":[72],"global":[74,184],"navigation":[75],"satellite":[76],"system":[77],"(GNSS)":[78],"ellipsoidal":[79,140],"points.":[83],"Besides":[84],"commonly":[86],"used":[87],"geodetic":[88],"methods,":[89],"this":[90],"introduces":[92],"novel":[94],"approach":[95,193],"surface":[105],"using":[107],"photogrammetry.":[108],"The":[109],"numeric":[110],"tests":[111],"were":[112,137,152,170],"carried":[113],"out":[114],"Bergama":[117],"region,":[118],"west":[121],"Turkey.":[123],"Using":[124],"direct":[125],"georeferenced":[126,131],"airborne":[127],"indirect":[130],"UAV":[132],"photogrammetry-derived":[133],"clouds,":[135],"DTMs":[136],"geoidal":[142],"datums,":[144],"respectively.":[145,188],"After":[146],"this,":[147],"calculated":[153],"as":[154],"differences":[155],"between":[156],"DTMs.":[159],"Generated":[160],"grid":[166],"pointwise":[168],"formats":[169],"tested":[171],"compared":[173],"regional":[176],"gravimetric":[177],"(TG03)":[180],"high-resolution":[183],"(EIGEN6C4),":[187],"In":[189],"conclusion,":[190],"applied":[192],"provided":[194],"sufficient":[195],"modeling":[198],"validating":[200],"centimeter-level":[205],"accuracy.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T08:55:40.977307","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}