{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3045553371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080478","title":"Comparing Fully Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Land Cover Classification with High-Spatial-Resolution Gaofen-2 Images","display_name":"Comparing Fully Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Land Cover Classification with High-Spatial-Resolution Gaofen-2 Images","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3045553371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080478","mag":"3045553371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9080478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080478","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/8/478/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/8/478/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027226295","display_name":"Zemin Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204823248","display_name":"Huazhong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/023b72294","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zemin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049195511","display_name":"Yuanyong Dian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4957-3681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204823248","display_name":"Huazhong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/023b72294","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyong Dian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","Hubei Engineering Technology Research Centre for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4957-3681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Engineering Technology Research Centre for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057806174","display_name":"Hao Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1975-4254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101683608","display_name":"Jingjing Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6790-9028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204823248","display_name":"Huazhong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/023b72294","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","Hubei Engineering Technology Research Centre for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Engineering Technology Research Centre for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087976426","display_name":"Yongfeng Jian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204823248","display_name":"Huazhong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/023b72294","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongfeng Jian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070727636","display_name":"Chonghuai Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204823248","display_name":"Huazhong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/023b72294","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chonghuai Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","Hubei Engineering Technology Research Centre for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Engineering Technology Research Centre for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110355694","display_name":"Xiong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204823248","display_name":"Huazhong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/023b72294","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102874429","display_name":"Yuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6747-8549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204823248","display_name":"Huazhong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/023b72294","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049195511"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204823248"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":3.1125,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92051323,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"8","first_page":"478","last_page":"478"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.7068216800689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6979990601539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.6768400073051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6749468445777893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.5882579684257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.5559367537498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49948978424072266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4395575225353241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4357856810092926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.42529356479644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41484561562538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3895699083805084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36643141508102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.2601105868816376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19977807998657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14121267199516296}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.7068216800689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6979990601539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.6768400073051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6749468445777893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.5882579684257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.5559367537498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49948978424072266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4395575225353241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4357856810092926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.42529356479644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41484561562538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3895699083805084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36643141508102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2601105868816376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19977807998657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14121267199516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9080478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080478","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/8/478/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:85f049fbadcf4cfbae382b00ffd1a79b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/85f049fbadcf4cfbae382b00ffd1a79b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 9, Iss 8, p 478 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/9/8/478/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 9; Issue 8; Pages: 478","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9080478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080478","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/8/478/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5350163121","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0821900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6309632274","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51778263","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3045553371.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3045553371.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1968563567","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2115651081","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2681594384","https://openalex.org/W2740144340","https://openalex.org/W2740944197","https://openalex.org/W2760340275","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2778539913","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2796232579","https://openalex.org/W2807536200","https://openalex.org/W2810004461","https://openalex.org/W2885024393","https://openalex.org/W2908840642","https://openalex.org/W2913883336","https://openalex.org/W2914311543","https://openalex.org/W2920254659","https://openalex.org/W2930359273","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2943484762","https://openalex.org/W2946373483","https://openalex.org/W2951798868","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W3009624360","https://openalex.org/W3015511521","https://openalex.org/W6775923490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318664220","https://openalex.org/W2771047279","https://openalex.org/W4388409104","https://openalex.org/W2124951708","https://openalex.org/W2792279927","https://openalex.org/W4403391793","https://openalex.org/W4385497869","https://openalex.org/W283587633","https://openalex.org/W2043913960","https://openalex.org/W3129683637"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"cover":[1,26,152,266,279],"is":[2,33],"an":[3,245,260],"important":[4],"variable":[5],"of":[6,42,72,102,107,122,247],"the":[7,43,47,87,114,174,181,186,191,193,212,235,239,252,269,282],"terrestrial":[8],"ecosystem":[9],"that":[10,57],"provides":[11],"information":[12],"for":[13,94,136,276],"natural":[14],"resources":[15],"management,":[16],"urban":[17],"sprawl":[18],"detection,":[19],"and":[20,65,92,117,131,157,176,197,203,233,241,249],"environment":[21],"research.":[22],"To":[23],"classify":[24],"land":[25,151,231,265,278],"with":[27,104,126,154,211,221],"high-spatial-resolution":[28],"multispectral":[29],"remote":[30,76,218],"sensing":[31,219],"imagery":[32,77,98,220,258],"a":[34,54,68,105,118],"difficult":[35],"problem":[36],"due":[37,179],"to":[38,180],"heterogeneous":[39],"spectral":[40],"values":[41],"same":[44],"object":[45],"on":[46,74,268],"ground.":[48],"Fully":[49],"convolutional":[50],"networks":[51],"(FCNs)":[52],"are":[53],"state-of-the-art":[55],"method":[56],"has":[58],"been":[59],"increasingly":[60],"used":[61,112],"in":[62,113,150,165,185,207,251,263,281],"image":[63],"segmentation":[64],"classification.":[66,99],"However,":[67],"systematic":[69,119],"quantitative":[70,120],"comparison":[71,121],"FCNs":[73,89,123,160],"high-spatial-multispectral":[75],"was":[78,124,237],"not":[79],"yet":[80,234],"performed.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83],"paper,":[84],"we":[85],"adopted":[86],"three":[88],"(FCN-8s,":[90],"Segnet,":[91],"Unet)":[93],"Gaofen-2":[95],"(GF2)":[96],"satellite":[97,138],"Two":[100],"scenes":[101],"GF2":[103,137,155,257],"total":[106],"3329":[108],"polygon":[109],"samples":[110],"were":[111,201],"study":[115],"area":[116],"conducted":[125],"red,":[127],"green,":[128],"blue":[129],"(RGB)":[130],"RGB+near":[132],"infrared":[133],"(NIR)":[134],"inputs":[135],"imagery.":[139],"The":[140,145,168,256],"results":[141,164],"showed":[142],"that:":[143],"(1)":[144],"FCN":[146],"methods":[147],"perform":[148],"well":[149],"classification":[153],"imagery,":[156],"yet,":[158],"different":[159,163],"architectures":[161,178],"exhibited":[162],"mapping":[166,230,280],"accuracy.":[167],"FCN-8s":[169,208,270],"model":[170],"performed":[171,224],"best":[172],"among":[173],"Segnet":[175],"Unet":[177],"multiscale":[182],"feature":[183],"channels":[184],"upsampling":[187],"stage.":[188],"Averaged":[189],"across":[190],"models,":[192],"overall":[194],"accuracy":[195],"(OA)":[196],"Kappa":[198,242],"coefficient":[199],"(Kappa)":[200],"5%":[202],"0.06":[204],"higher,":[205],"respectively,":[206],"when":[209],"compared":[210],"other":[213],"two":[214],"models.":[215],"(2)":[216],"High-spatial-resolution":[217],"RGB+NIR":[222,253],"bands":[223],"better":[225],"than":[226],"RGB":[227],"input":[228],"at":[229],"cover,":[232],"advantage":[236],"limited;":[238],"OA":[240],"only":[243],"increased":[244],"average":[246],"0.4%":[248],"0.01":[250],"bands.":[254],"(3)":[255],"provided":[259],"encouraging":[261],"result":[262],"estimating":[264],"based":[267],"method,":[271],"which":[272],"can":[273],"be":[274],"exploited":[275],"large-scale":[277],"future.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2020-08-03T00:00:00"}
