{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013999059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030185","title":"Recent Sea Level Change in the Black Sea from Satellite Altimetry and Tide Gauge Observations","display_name":"Recent Sea Level Change in the Black Sea from Satellite Altimetry and Tide Gauge Observations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013999059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030185","mag":"3013999059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9030185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030185","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/3/185/pdf?version=1585224346","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/3/185/pdf?version=1585224346","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036815429","display_name":"N. B. Avsar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7402-6201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017902709","display_name":"Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dvabv26","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nevin Av\u015far","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Incivez, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Incivez, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082472295","display_name":"\u015eenol Hakan Kuto\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6587-3417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017902709","display_name":"Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dvabv26","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u015eenol Kuto\u011flu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Incivez, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6587-3417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Incivez, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036815429"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.1747,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90781653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"185","last_page":"185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14047","display_name":"Marine and environmental studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14047","display_name":"Marine and environmental studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tide-gauge","display_name":"Tide gauge","score":0.8951083421707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-level","display_name":"Sea level","score":0.7522481083869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altimeter","display_name":"Altimeter","score":0.7021684050559998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.6125414371490479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-sea","display_name":"Black sea","score":0.5873625874519348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.4962957501411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.43897801637649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-level-rise","display_name":"Sea level rise","score":0.41161590814590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3832264542579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3487491011619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.33306118845939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.3319254219532013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.14553585648536682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136856113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686697","display_name":"Tide gauge","level":3,"score":0.8951083421707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74501621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125465","display_name":"Sea level","level":2,"score":0.7522481083869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17534553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216197","display_name":"Altimeter","level":2,"score":0.7021684050559998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.6125414371490479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986842804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166","display_name":"Black sea","level":2,"score":0.5873625874519348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4962957501411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.43897801637649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777774347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841083","display_name":"Sea level rise","level":3,"score":0.41161590814590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3832264542579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3487491011619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.33306118845939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3319254219532013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.14553585648536682}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9030185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030185","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/3/185/pdf?version=1585224346","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:acikarsiv.beun.edu.tr:20.500.12628/25395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12628/25395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055168","display_name":"Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0e3a8fb7d8e04eeb938f199456917967","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0e3a8fb7d8e04eeb938f199456917967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 9, Iss 3, p 185 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/9/3/185/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9030185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030185","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/3/185/pdf?version=1585224346","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013999059.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013999059.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5448851","https://openalex.org/W69889964","https://openalex.org/W206951936","https://openalex.org/W1562645285","https://openalex.org/W1566855563","https://openalex.org/W1601136134","https://openalex.org/W1626142052","https://openalex.org/W1951817746","https://openalex.org/W1978918371","https://openalex.org/W1979381341","https://openalex.org/W2008435261","https://openalex.org/W2022224361","https://openalex.org/W2029894785","https://openalex.org/W2030251437","https://openalex.org/W2034613786","https://openalex.org/W2034630685","https://openalex.org/W2034842170","https://openalex.org/W2059130354","https://openalex.org/W2061675296","https://openalex.org/W2070850573","https://openalex.org/W2081283074","https://openalex.org/W2088572177","https://openalex.org/W2107227139","https://openalex.org/W2107705106","https://openalex.org/W2109459276","https://openalex.org/W2133050257","https://openalex.org/W2143409164","https://openalex.org/W2151389838","https://openalex.org/W2162109520","https://openalex.org/W2164815825","https://openalex.org/W2329196189","https://openalex.org/W2568130040","https://openalex.org/W2622182776","https://openalex.org/W2748769878","https://openalex.org/W2767070028","https://openalex.org/W2884959451","https://openalex.org/W2900710308","https://openalex.org/W2945614135","https://openalex.org/W2971316789","https://openalex.org/W2973191569","https://openalex.org/W3001446396","https://openalex.org/W4234619459","https://openalex.org/W4241174558","https://openalex.org/W6731797520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3171330215","https://openalex.org/W4220758786","https://openalex.org/W4226408657","https://openalex.org/W4225566352","https://openalex.org/W2655394311","https://openalex.org/W2338585387","https://openalex.org/W1998970043","https://openalex.org/W1526409929","https://openalex.org/W3165401890","https://openalex.org/W2888925801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0,235],"mean":[1,87,129,215],"sea":[2,31,59,90,130,142,276,280],"level":[3,32,48,60,91,113,131,216,277,281],"has":[4,132,156],"been":[5,133],"rising":[6],"at":[7,135,258],"an":[8,116],"increasing":[9],"rate,":[10],"especially":[11],"since":[12],"the":[13,63,99,106,110,125,128,148,161,167,171,175,188,214,218,246,269,284],"early":[14],"19th":[15],"century":[16],"in":[17,62,127,178,213,222,227,283,292],"response":[18],"to":[19,38,82,170,245,268],"ocean":[20],"thermal":[21],"expansion":[22],"and":[23,45,69,124,186,199,210,226],"ice":[24],"sheet":[25],"melting.":[26],"The":[27,73,208],"possible":[28],"consequences":[29],"of":[30,89,93,109,174,217,275],"rise":[33,92,126,190],"pose":[34],"a":[35,86],"significant":[36,254],"threat":[37],"coastal":[39],"cities,":[40],"inhabitants,":[41],"infrastructure,":[42],"wetlands,":[43],"ecosystems,":[44],"beaches.":[46],"Sea":[47,65,112,220,286],"changes":[49,61],"are":[50,242],"not":[51],"geographically":[52],"uniform.":[53],"This":[54,263],"study":[55,264],"focuses":[56],"on":[57],"present-day":[58],"Black":[64,101,111,176,219,285],"using":[66,147],"satellite":[67,76],"altimetry":[68,77],"tide":[70,153,247,260],"gauge":[71,154,261],"data.":[72],"multi-mission":[74],"gridded":[75],"data":[78,150],"from":[79,151,166,233],"January":[80],"1993":[81],"May":[83],"2017":[84],"indicated":[85],"rate":[88],"2.5":[94],"\u00b1":[95,138],"0.5":[96],"mm/year":[97],"over":[98,206],"entire":[100],"Sea.":[102],"However,":[103],"when":[104],"considering":[105],"dominant":[107],"cycles":[108],"time":[114],"series,":[115],"apparent":[117],"(significant)":[118],"variation":[119],"was":[120,145,191],"seen":[121],"until":[122],"2014,":[123],"estimated":[134],"about":[136],"3.2":[137],"0.6":[139],"mm/year.":[140],"Coastal":[141],"level,":[143],"which":[144,241],"assessed":[146],"available":[149],"12":[152],"stations,":[155,240],"generally":[157],"risen":[158],"(except":[159],"for":[160,203],"Bourgas":[162],"Station).":[163],"For":[164],"instance,":[165],"western":[168],"coast":[169,173],"southern":[172],"Sea,":[177],"Constantza,":[179],"Sevastopol,":[180],"Tuapse,":[181],"Batumi,":[182],"Trabzon,":[183],"Amasra,":[184],"Sile,":[185],"Igneada,":[187],"relative":[189],"3.02,":[192],"1.56,":[193],"2.92,":[194],"3.52,":[195],"2.33,":[196],"3.43,":[197],"5.03,":[198],"6.94":[200],"mm/year,":[201],"respectively,":[202],"varying":[204],"periods":[205],"1922\u20132014.":[207],"highest":[209],"lowest":[211],"rises":[212],"were":[221,253],"Poti":[223],"(7.01":[224],"mm/year)":[225],"Varna":[228],"(1.53":[229],"mm/year),":[230],"respectively.":[231],"Measurements":[232],"six":[234],"Navigation":[236],"Satellite":[237],"System":[238],"(GNSS)":[239],"very":[243],"close":[244],"gauges,":[248],"also":[249],"suggest":[250],"that":[251,266],"there":[252],"vertical":[255],"land":[256],"movements":[257],"some":[259],"locations.":[262],"confirmed":[265],"according":[267],"obtained":[270],"average":[271],"annual":[272,290],"phase":[273],"value":[274],"observations,":[278],"seasonal":[279],"variations":[282],"reach":[287],"their":[288],"maximum":[289],"amplitude":[291],"May\u2013June.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T13:55:30.953635","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}