{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008066432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020115","title":"Assessing Similarities and Differences between Males and Females in Visual Behaviors in Spatial Orientation Tasks","display_name":"Assessing Similarities and Differences between Males and Females in Visual Behaviors in Spatial Orientation Tasks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008066432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020115","mag":"3008066432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9020115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020115","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/2/115/pdf?version=1583060596","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/2/115/pdf?version=1583060596","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012133509","display_name":"Weihua Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-7946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities and Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities and Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088174495","display_name":"Zhicheng Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5419-0511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhicheng Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities and Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5419-0511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities and Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089343518","display_name":"Hua Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6304-329X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities and Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6304-329X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities and Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057986367","display_name":"Liqiu Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8787-3418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqiu Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Cartography, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Cartography, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109448683","display_name":"Jiping Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-3250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088174495"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":0.6402,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66391887,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"115","last_page":"115"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9187999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","score":0.777187705039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.5589491724967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5241677761077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.49152883887290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-search","display_name":"Visual search","score":0.4215318560600281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.3420826494693756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.28964126110076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.2787957191467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2355211079120636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1840570569038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1700570285320282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.06680846214294434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.777187705039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5589491724967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5241677761077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.49152883887290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158495155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2369151","display_name":"Visual search","level":2,"score":0.4215318560600281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3420826494693756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.28964126110076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2787957191467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2355211079120636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1840570569038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1700570285320282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.06680846214294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9020115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020115","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/2/115/pdf?version=1583060596","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0728340bd29420d872935d38d272768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f0728340bd29420d872935d38d272768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 9, Iss 2, p 115 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/9/2/115/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1538837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/2/115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400453","display_name":"mediaTUM \u2013 the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi9020115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020115","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/2/115/pdf?version=1583060596","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3222082122","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201906040236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5525254436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 41871366","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5783619147","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u773c\u52a8\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7684\u884c\u4eba\u5730\u56fe\u5bfc\u822a\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bc6\u522b\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41871366","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008066432.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008066432.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77174505","https://openalex.org/W1498139421","https://openalex.org/W1565772504","https://openalex.org/W1598738693","https://openalex.org/W1900841621","https://openalex.org/W1963754370","https://openalex.org/W1963890274","https://openalex.org/W1979387817","https://openalex.org/W1985061509","https://openalex.org/W1997313105","https://openalex.org/W1998510521","https://openalex.org/W2000369199","https://openalex.org/W2010440462","https://openalex.org/W2012294734","https://openalex.org/W2027732696","https://openalex.org/W2031770276","https://openalex.org/W2032010649","https://openalex.org/W2036703794","https://openalex.org/W2062242288","https://openalex.org/W2065483673","https://openalex.org/W2081630564","https://openalex.org/W2081988540","https://openalex.org/W2087900015","https://openalex.org/W2099090207","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2109748678","https://openalex.org/W2119313855","https://openalex.org/W2119316180","https://openalex.org/W2122163770","https://openalex.org/W2125288693","https://openalex.org/W2129381380","https://openalex.org/W2129942308","https://openalex.org/W2140885904","https://openalex.org/W2147082064","https://openalex.org/W2168989027","https://openalex.org/W2294846947","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2352816130","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2543976263","https://openalex.org/W2590406290","https://openalex.org/W2907757692","https://openalex.org/W2953139137","https://openalex.org/W4205439766","https://openalex.org/W4240694260","https://openalex.org/W4240747001","https://openalex.org/W4250699006","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4388330445","https://openalex.org/W6603756312","https://openalex.org/W6696918285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978999997","https://openalex.org/W1968716078","https://openalex.org/W1970358776","https://openalex.org/W2051216071","https://openalex.org/W4311800528","https://openalex.org/W4241743678","https://openalex.org/W2942618310","https://openalex.org/W2085155034","https://openalex.org/W33281282","https://openalex.org/W3207933171"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatial":[0],"orientation":[1,23,68],"is":[2],"an":[3,58,149],"important":[4],"task":[5],"in":[6,16,34,70,93,123,135,189,216,221],"human":[7],"wayfinding.":[8],"Existing":[9],"research":[10,44],"indicates":[11],"sex-related":[12],"similarities":[13,31,50,209],"and":[14,18,32,39,51,55,74,95,117,127,131,155,175,210,214],"differences":[15,33,52,90,196,211],"performance":[17],"strategies":[19],"when":[20],"executing":[21],"spatial":[22,67,98],"behaviors,":[24,104],"but":[25,195],"few":[26],"studies":[27],"have":[28],"investigated":[29],"the":[30,160,176,222],"visual":[35,48,103,217],"behaviors":[36],"between":[37,53,91,212],"males":[38,54,108,154,213],"females.":[40,156],"To":[41],"address":[42],"this":[43],"gap,":[45],"we":[46,105],"explored":[47],"behavior":[49,218],"females":[56,113,118,132,215],"using":[57],"eye-tracking":[59,77],"method.":[60],"We":[61],"recruited":[62],"40":[63],"participants":[64],"to":[65,148,193,201],"perform":[66],"tasks":[69],"a":[71],"desktop":[72],"environment":[73],"recorded":[75],"their":[76],"data":[78],"during":[79],"these":[80],"tasks.":[81],"The":[82,157,207],"results":[83],"indicate":[84],"that":[85,107,172],"there":[86],"are":[87],"no":[88],"significant":[89],"sexes":[92],"efficiency":[94],"accuracy":[96],"of":[97,102,159,173,179,197,224],"orientation.":[99],"In":[100],"terms":[101],"found":[106],"fixated":[109],"significantly":[110,169],"longer":[111],"than":[112,171],"on":[114],"roads.":[115],"Males":[116,130],"had":[119],"similar":[120],"fixation":[121,136,143,166],"counts":[122],"building,":[124],"signpost,":[125],"map,":[126],"other":[128,202],"objects.":[129],"performed":[133],"similarly":[134],"duration":[137,144,167],"for":[138,152],"all":[139],"five":[140],"classes.":[141],"Moreover,":[142],"was":[145,168,182],"well":[146],"fitted":[147,163],"exponential":[150,161,180],"function":[151,162,181],"both":[153],"base":[158],"by":[164],"males\u2019":[165],"lower":[170],"females,":[174],"coefficient":[177],"difference":[178],"not":[183,205],"found.":[184,206],"Females":[185],"were":[186,204],"more":[187],"effective":[188],"switching":[190],"from":[191,199],"maps":[192],"signposts,":[194],"switches":[198],"map":[200],"classes":[203],"newfound":[208],"may":[219],"aid":[220],"design":[223],"better":[225],"human-centered":[226],"outdoor":[227],"navigation":[228],"applications.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2020-03-06T00:00:00"}