{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2993463520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120555","title":"Quantitative Identification of Urban Functions with Fishers\u2019 Exact Test and POI Data Applied in Classifying Urban Districts: A Case Study within the Sixth Ring Road in Beijing","display_name":"Quantitative Identification of Urban Functions with Fishers\u2019 Exact Test and POI Data Applied in Classifying Urban Districts: A Case Study within the Sixth Ring Road in Beijing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2993463520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120555","mag":"2993463520"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8120555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120555","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/12/555/pdf?version=1576727284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/12/555/pdf?version=1576727284","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010563077","display_name":"Disheng Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2617-7819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Disheng Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["2D Information Collection and Application Key Lab of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Beijing State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2D Information Collection and Application Key Lab of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014292481","display_name":"Jing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3229-6438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["2D Information Collection and Application Key Lab of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Beijing State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2D Information Collection and Application Key Lab of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100442592","display_name":"Jingjing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2285-0375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["2D Information Collection and Application Key Lab of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Beijing State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2D Information Collection and Application Key Lab of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071401743","display_name":"Yusi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8339-361X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["2D Information Collection and Application Key Lab of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Beijing State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2D Information Collection and Application Key Lab of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042786812","display_name":"Jing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["2D Information Collection and Application Key Lab of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Beijing State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2D Information Collection and Application Key Lab of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042786812"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":4.5783,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93555523,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"12","first_page":"555","last_page":"555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representativeness-heuristic","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","score":0.7217889428138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beijing","display_name":"Beijing","score":0.6364749073982239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.5823231339454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-district","display_name":"Urban district","score":0.5703521370887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.45077040791511536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.44892004132270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-of-interest","display_name":"Point of interest","score":0.4400525689125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.3263169527053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2856030762195587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16436272859573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-planning","display_name":"Environmental planning","score":0.16234076023101807}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.7217889428138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.6364749073982239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5823231339454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991951739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15642599","display_name":"Urban district","level":2,"score":0.5703521370887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.45077040791511536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44892004132270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150140777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q960648","display_name":"Point of interest","level":2,"score":0.4400525689125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3263169527053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2856030762195587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16436272859573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.16234076023101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8120555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120555","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/12/555/pdf?version=1576727284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/8/12/555/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8120555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120555","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/12/555/pdf?version=1576727284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2993463520.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2993463520.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971605645","https://openalex.org/W1974618278","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W2085487226","https://openalex.org/W2149230623","https://openalex.org/W2202958134","https://openalex.org/W2354553804","https://openalex.org/W2461580983","https://openalex.org/W2588577863","https://openalex.org/W2593305143","https://openalex.org/W2613695111","https://openalex.org/W2708165930","https://openalex.org/W2754939259","https://openalex.org/W2792297463","https://openalex.org/W2794192349","https://openalex.org/W2794413384","https://openalex.org/W2795564049","https://openalex.org/W2805954057","https://openalex.org/W2810574214","https://openalex.org/W2900770654","https://openalex.org/W2902921501","https://openalex.org/W2904703694","https://openalex.org/W2908014331","https://openalex.org/W2919383237","https://openalex.org/W2921133091","https://openalex.org/W2942834702","https://openalex.org/W2951407639","https://openalex.org/W2971113224","https://openalex.org/W4385368521"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3159631231","https://openalex.org/W4306248409","https://openalex.org/W4211213551","https://openalex.org/W2103926897","https://openalex.org/W2062728131","https://openalex.org/W1824075546","https://openalex.org/W2101250918","https://openalex.org/W2015747722","https://openalex.org/W4376143407","https://openalex.org/W2894406327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"areas":[1],"involve":[2],"different":[3,186],"functions":[4,19,42],"that":[5],"attract":[6],"individuals":[7],"and":[8,15,51,78,99,134,143,175,181,190,200,275],"fit":[9],"personal":[10],"needs.":[11],"Understanding":[12],"the":[13,36,40,47,52,68,73,108,112,131,135,151,170,206,223,230,237,247,256],"distribution":[14],"combination":[16,177],"of":[17,38,49,54,81,101,137,172,232,240],"these":[18],"in":[20,29,43,57,67,106,116,167,178,215],"a":[21,44,55,58,79,88,123,147,158],"specific":[22],"district":[23,59,69,77],"is":[24],"significant":[25],"for":[26,219,278],"urban":[27,93,109,165,242,265,279],"development":[28],"cities.":[30],"Many":[31],"researchers":[32],"have":[33],"already":[34],"studied":[35],"methods":[37,258],"identifying":[39,208,216,241,249],"dominant":[41],"district.":[45,203],"However,":[46],"degree":[48],"collection":[50],"representativeness":[53],"function":[56,174],"are":[60],"controlled":[61],"not":[62],"only":[63],"by":[64,72],"its":[65],"number":[66,74,80],"but":[70],"also":[71],"outside":[75],"this":[76,85],"other":[82,207],"functions.":[83,262],"Thus,":[84],"study":[86],"proposed":[87,248],"quantitative":[89],"method":[90,211,250,254],"to":[91,162,228,255,260],"identify":[92,261],"functions,":[94,217],"using":[95],"Fisher\u2019s":[96,152],"exact":[97,153],"test":[98],"point":[100],"interest":[102],"(POI)":[103],"data,":[104],"applied":[105],"determining":[107],"districts":[110,166,243],"within":[111],"Sixth":[113],"Ring":[114],"Road":[115],"Beijing.":[117],"To":[118],"begin":[119],"with,":[120],"we":[121,156,183],"defined":[122],"functional":[124],"score":[125,171],"based":[126],"on":[127],"three":[128],"statistical":[129,148],"features:":[130],"p-value,":[132],"odds-ratio,":[133],"frequency":[136],"each":[138,173],"POI":[139],"tag.":[140],"The":[141],"p-value":[142],"odds-ratio":[144],"resulted":[145],"from":[146],"significance":[149],"test,":[150],"test.":[154],"Next,":[155],"ran":[157],"k-modes":[159],"clustering":[160],"algorithm":[161],"classify":[163],"all":[164],"accordance":[168],"with":[169,205],"their":[176],"one":[179],"district,":[180,193,196,199],"then":[182],"detected":[184],"four":[185],"groups,":[187],"namely,":[188],"Work":[189],"Tourism":[191],"Mixed-developed":[192,194],"Residential":[195],"Developing":[197],"Greenland":[198],"Mixed":[201],"Recreation":[202],"Compared":[204],"methods,":[209],"our":[210,235],"had":[212],"good":[213],"performance":[214],"except":[218],"transportation.":[220],"In":[221,234],"addition,":[222],"Coincidence":[224],"Degree":[225],"was":[226,244],"used":[227,259],"evaluate":[229],"accuracy":[231,239],"classification.":[233],"study,":[236],"total":[238],"83.7%.":[245],"Overall,":[246],"provides":[251],"an":[252],"additional":[253],"various":[257],"Additionally,":[263],"analyzing":[264],"spatial":[266],"structure":[267],"can":[268],"be":[269],"simpler,":[270],"which":[271],"has":[272],"certain":[273],"theoretical":[274],"practical":[276],"value":[277],"geospatial":[280],"planning.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}