{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982675960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110491","title":"Traffic Regulator Detection and Identification from Crowdsourced Data\u2014A Systematic Literature Review","display_name":"Traffic Regulator Detection and Identification from Crowdsourced Data\u2014A Systematic Literature Review","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982675960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110491","mag":"2982675960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8110491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110491","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/11/491/pdf?version=1572513297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/11/491/pdf?version=1572513297","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064989034","display_name":"Stefania Zourlidou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-7379"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefania Zourlidou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Leibniz University, Appelstrasse 9a, 30167 Hanover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Leibniz University, Appelstrasse 9a, 30167 Hanover, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020817045","display_name":"Monika Sester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6656-8809"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monika Sester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Leibniz University, Appelstrasse 9a, 30167 Hanover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Leibniz University, Appelstrasse 9a, 30167 Hanover, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064989034"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.6398,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89083757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"11","first_page":"491","last_page":"491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6971399784088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6904184222221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.5840601325035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5736515522003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.49081382155418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4876497983932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.48407354950904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.47156473994255066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3008304238319397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6971399784088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6904184222221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.5840601325035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5736515522003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.49081382155418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4876497983932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.48407354950904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47156473994255066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3008304238319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8110491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110491","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/11/491/pdf?version=1572513297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repo.uni-hannover.de:123456789/11312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.15488/11226","pdf_url":"https://www.repo.uni-hannover.de/handle/123456789/11312","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401575","display_name":"Institutional Repository of Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover (Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","host_organization_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8 (2019), Nr. 11","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5af062bc3d564715ba9c721ed00d93e4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5af062bc3d564715ba9c721ed00d93e4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 8, Iss 11, p 491 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/8/11/491/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.15488/11226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15488/11226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052956","display_name":"Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8110491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110491","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/11/491/pdf?version=1572513297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3006041050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GRK1931","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6549727561","display_name":"GRK 1931: SocialCars  Kooperatives (de)zentrales Verkehrsmanagement","funder_award_id":"227198829","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6937053344","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"227198829/GRK1931","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2982675960.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2982675960.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62035798","https://openalex.org/W120384207","https://openalex.org/W197015527","https://openalex.org/W1513719591","https://openalex.org/W1731044112","https://openalex.org/W1892113842","https://openalex.org/W1931886832","https://openalex.org/W1968545881","https://openalex.org/W1983915085","https://openalex.org/W2004462823","https://openalex.org/W2007354440","https://openalex.org/W2008725231","https://openalex.org/W2009076082","https://openalex.org/W2009985677","https://openalex.org/W2011968383","https://openalex.org/W2023733622","https://openalex.org/W2024646878","https://openalex.org/W2029380119","https://openalex.org/W2038134612","https://openalex.org/W2038946499","https://openalex.org/W2044439422","https://openalex.org/W2046357874","https://openalex.org/W2055665526","https://openalex.org/W2067042119","https://openalex.org/W2073061255","https://openalex.org/W2074652649","https://openalex.org/W2083263777","https://openalex.org/W2083970834","https://openalex.org/W2086961842","https://openalex.org/W2090702599","https://openalex.org/W2100502120","https://openalex.org/W2103110996","https://openalex.org/W2108069432","https://openalex.org/W2111961236","https://openalex.org/W2118389488","https://openalex.org/W2121854318","https://openalex.org/W2125718202","https://openalex.org/W2135252881","https://openalex.org/W2140251882","https://openalex.org/W2144169341","https://openalex.org/W2149364707","https://openalex.org/W2151387597","https://openalex.org/W2151519001","https://openalex.org/W2156098321","https://openalex.org/W2156531019","https://openalex.org/W2160223913","https://openalex.org/W2161190103","https://openalex.org/W2167293612","https://openalex.org/W2168463792","https://openalex.org/W2171157447","https://openalex.org/W2244461818","https://openalex.org/W2290801524","https://openalex.org/W2306968429","https://openalex.org/W2342656131","https://openalex.org/W2345809153","https://openalex.org/W2408109519","https://openalex.org/W2409103672","https://openalex.org/W2467926261","https://openalex.org/W2485530901","https://openalex.org/W2549412929","https://openalex.org/W2556715588","https://openalex.org/W2565659696","https://openalex.org/W2573093891","https://openalex.org/W2591732020","https://openalex.org/W2606513463","https://openalex.org/W2612083405","https://openalex.org/W2750168540","https://openalex.org/W2758028572","https://openalex.org/W2767760936","https://openalex.org/W2889144421","https://openalex.org/W2889637005","https://openalex.org/W2892336503","https://openalex.org/W2903868244","https://openalex.org/W2951304829","https://openalex.org/W3103873243","https://openalex.org/W3145678509","https://openalex.org/W4294215472","https://openalex.org/W6604939427"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162200841","https://openalex.org/W2586280620","https://openalex.org/W2805505483","https://openalex.org/W2334071950","https://openalex.org/W2384744344","https://openalex.org/W4233932308","https://openalex.org/W1799694159","https://openalex.org/W2393169196","https://openalex.org/W2366610330","https://openalex.org/W4242143973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mapping":[0],"with":[1,211],"surveying":[2],"equipment":[3],"is":[4,54,60,71,84,123],"a":[5],"time-consuming":[6],"and":[7,68,87,105,131,189,219,251],"cost-intensive":[8],"procedure":[9],"that":[10,145],"makes":[11],"the":[12,18,48,55,85,118,127,141,156,170,222,226,264],"frequent":[13],"map":[14],"updating":[15],"unaffordable.":[16],"In":[17],"last":[19],"few":[20],"years,":[21],"much":[22],"research":[23,187,256],"has":[24],"focused":[25],"on":[26,32,225,240],"eliminating":[27],"such":[28,35,92],"problems":[29],"by":[30,73,110,135],"counting":[31],"crowdsourced":[33,114],"data,":[34],"as":[36,93,161,163,260],"GPS":[37],"traces.":[38],"An":[39],"important":[40,167],"source":[41],"of":[42,50,78,89,101,120,129,158,169,172,179,247,263],"information":[43,59],"in":[44,63],"maps,":[45],"especially":[46],"under":[47,221],"consideration":[49],"forthcoming":[51],"self-driving":[52],"vehicles,":[53],"traffic":[56,90,94],"regulators.":[57],"This":[58],"largely":[61],"lacking":[62],"maps":[64],"like":[65],"OpenstreetMap":[66],"(OSM)":[67],"this":[69,74,79,121],"article":[70],"motivated":[72],"fact.":[75],"The":[76,175],"topic":[77],"systematic":[80],"literature":[81,181],"review":[82],"(SLR)":[83],"detection":[86],"recognition":[88],"regulators":[91],"lights":[95],"(signals),":[96],"stop-,":[97],"yield-,":[98],"priority-signs,":[99],"right":[100],"way":[102],"priority":[103],"rules":[104],"turning":[106],"restrictions":[107],"at":[108],"intersections,":[109],"leveraging":[111],"non":[112],"imagery":[113],"data.":[115],"More":[116],"particularly,":[117],"aim":[119],"study":[122,229],"(1)":[124],"to":[125,139,154,165,184,245],"identify":[126,166],"range":[128],"detected":[130],"recognised":[132],"regulatory":[133],"types":[134,207],"crowdsensing":[136],"means,":[137],"(2)":[138],"indicate":[140],"different":[142,159,191],"classification":[143],"techniques":[144],"can":[146,208,230,237],"be":[147,209,231],"used":[148,183],"for":[149,198,233],"these":[150,173],"two":[151,176],"tasks,":[152],"(3)":[153],"assess":[155],"performance":[157],"methods,":[160],"well":[162],"(4)":[164],"aspects":[168],"applicability":[171],"methods.":[174],"largest":[177],"databases":[178],"peer-reviewed":[180],"were":[182,196,203],"locate":[185],"relevant":[186],"studies":[188],"after":[190],"screening":[192],"steps":[193],"eleven":[194],"articles":[195],"selected":[197],"review.":[199],"Two":[200],"major":[201],"findings":[202],"concluded\u2014(a)":[204],"most":[205],"regulator":[206],"identified":[210],"over":[212],"80%":[213],"accuracy,":[214],"even":[215],"using":[216],"heuristic-driven":[217],"approaches":[218],"(b)":[220],"current":[223],"progress":[224],"field,":[227],"no":[228],"reproduced":[232],"comparative":[234],"purposes":[235],"nor":[236],"solely":[238],"rely":[239],"open":[241],"data":[242],"sources":[243],"due":[244],"lack":[246],"publicly":[248],"available":[249],"datasets":[250],"ground":[252],"truth":[253],"maps.":[254],"Future":[255],"directions":[257],"are":[258],"highlighted":[259],"possible":[261],"extensions":[262],"reviewed":[265],"studies.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}