{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970649799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090369","title":"Using Intelligent Clustering to Implement Geometric Computation for Electoral Districting","display_name":"Using Intelligent Clustering to Implement Geometric Computation for Electoral Districting","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970649799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090369","mag":"2970649799"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8090369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/9/369/pdf?version=1566548695","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/9/369/pdf?version=1566548695","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005241888","display_name":"Ying\u2010Che Hung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2390-0314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202968851","display_name":"Huafan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x5hb316","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202968851"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying-Che Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Huafan University, New Taipei 22301, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2390-0314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Huafan University, New Taipei 22301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202968851"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780211","display_name":"Liang-Y\u00fc Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2981-1945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192703390","display_name":"Ming Chuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pgvzy25","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192703390"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang-Y\u00fc Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biotechnology, Mingchuan University, Taoyuan 33348, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2981-1945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biotechnology, Mingchuan University, Taoyuan 33348, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192703390"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100780211"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192703390"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11193796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"9","first_page":"369","last_page":"369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11461","display_name":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","score":0.9236000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gerrymandering","display_name":"Gerrymandering","score":0.8049724102020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6410322785377502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.591275691986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.512407124042511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.506620466709137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.48194217681884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"Democracy","score":0.45855942368507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4563371241092682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.42725855112075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4229423999786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.3407880663871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24817600846290588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18800625205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1877896785736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17538243532180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.17353731393814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1682659089565277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.16734778881072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.16169920563697815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779910420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476310","display_name":"Gerrymandering","level":4,"score":0.8049724102020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6410322785377502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.591275691986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.512407124042511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.506620466709137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.48194217681884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.45855942368507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4563371241092682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.42725855112075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4229423999786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.3407880663871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24817600846290588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18800625205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1877896785736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17538243532180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.17353731393814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1682659089565277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16734778881072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.16169920563697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8090369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/9/369/pdf?version=1566548695","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3e1c1e725a6144659261c4263963551e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3e1c1e725a6144659261c4263963551e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 8, Iss 9, p 369 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/8/9/369/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8090369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/9/369/pdf?version=1566548695","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970649799.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970649799.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168741820","https://openalex.org/W1967294694","https://openalex.org/W1987662665","https://openalex.org/W1992179781","https://openalex.org/W2013626059","https://openalex.org/W2022625151","https://openalex.org/W2033863375","https://openalex.org/W2037492625","https://openalex.org/W2049106345","https://openalex.org/W2117746342","https://openalex.org/W2124993079","https://openalex.org/W2132972971","https://openalex.org/W2138200290","https://openalex.org/W2152150836","https://openalex.org/W2167599604","https://openalex.org/W2293467761","https://openalex.org/W2334826882","https://openalex.org/W2534652523","https://openalex.org/W2557188698","https://openalex.org/W2606793110","https://openalex.org/W2782831433","https://openalex.org/W2894484750","https://openalex.org/W2897287322","https://openalex.org/W2900473924","https://openalex.org/W2903135308","https://openalex.org/W2947503830","https://openalex.org/W2949181777","https://openalex.org/W4233765214","https://openalex.org/W4253779455","https://openalex.org/W4255757920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386126558","https://openalex.org/W3019682123","https://openalex.org/W3121548482","https://openalex.org/W2569675217","https://openalex.org/W1165261339","https://openalex.org/W4244521767","https://openalex.org/W2917148898","https://openalex.org/W4226174327","https://openalex.org/W3215047539","https://openalex.org/W2337274440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"electoral":[1,120],"districting":[2,168],"is":[3,11,19,36],"mostly":[4],"carried":[5],"out":[6],"by":[7],"artificial":[8,78],"division.":[9,79],"It":[10],"not":[12],"only":[13],"time-consuming":[14],"and":[15,28,39,62,69,122,144,147],"labor-intensive,":[16],"but":[17],"it":[18],"also":[20],"difficult":[21],"to":[22,31,46,57,72,87,127,169],"maintain":[23],"the":[24,48,60,64,89,94,98,104,108,128,137],"principles":[25],"of":[26,50,66,76,97,107,118,139,166],"fairness":[27],"consistency.":[29],"Due":[30],"specific":[32],"political":[33],"interests,":[34],"objectivity":[35],"usually":[37],"distorted":[38],"controversial":[40],"in":[41,136],"a":[42,133,158],"proxy-election.":[43],"In":[44,80],"order":[45],"reflect":[47],"spirit":[49],"democracy,":[51],"this":[52],"study":[53],"uses":[54],"computing":[55,99],"technologies":[56,84],"automatically":[58],"divide":[59],"constituency":[61],"use":[63],"concepts":[65],"\u201cintelligent":[67],"clustering\u201d":[68],"\u201cextreme":[70],"arrangement\u201d":[71],"conquer":[73],"many":[74,164],"shortcomings":[75],"traditional":[77],"addition,":[81],"various":[82],"informational":[83],"are":[85],"integrated":[86],"obtain":[88],"most":[90],"feasible":[91],"solutions":[92],"within":[93],"maximum":[95],"capabilities":[96],"system,":[100],"yet":[101],"without":[102],"sacrificing":[103],"global":[105],"representation":[106],"solutions.":[109],"We":[110],"take":[111],"Changhua":[112],"County,":[113],"Taiwan":[114],"as":[115],"an":[116],"example":[117],"complete":[119,143],"districting,":[121],"find":[123],"better":[124],"results":[125,152],"relative":[126],"official":[129],"version,":[130],"which":[131],"obtained":[132],"smaller":[134],"difference":[135],"population":[138],"each":[140],"constituency,":[141],"more":[142],"symmetrical":[145],"constituencies,":[146],"fewer":[148],"regional":[149],"controversies.":[150],"Our":[151],"demonstrate":[153],"that":[154],"multidimensional":[155],"algorithms":[156],"using":[157],"geographic":[159],"information":[160],"system":[161],"could":[162],"solve":[163],"problems":[165],"block":[167],"make":[170],"decisions":[171],"based":[172],"on":[173],"different":[174],"needs.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
